Determining Drivers Of Spatio Temporal Changes In Mangrove Extents In Hai Phong City Vietnam

MINISTRY OF EDUCATIONAL

TRAINING

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

--------------------

AMENA EASMIN

DETERMINING DRIVERS OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL CHANGES IN

MANGROVE EXTENTS IN HAI PHONG CITY, VIETNAM

MASTER THESIS IN FOREST SCIENCE

Hanoi, 10/2018

MINISTRY OF EDUCATIONAL

TRAINING

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

--------------------

AMENA EASMIN

DETERMINING DRIVERS OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL CHANGES IN

MANGROVE EXTENTS IN HAI PHONG CITY, VIETNAM

Major: Forest Science

Code:8620201

MASTER THESIS IN FOREST SCIENCE

Academic advisor: Assoc/Prof. Dr. Nguyen Hai Hoa

Hanoi, 10/2018

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Abstract

Mangroves are well-recognized as the ecologically highly diverse coastal

areas in the tropics and subtropics. Recently it has severe damages due to

various land use activities such natural and human driven forces. High

population growth and migration into coastal areas are found one of the most

extensive irresolvable land use changes in recent decades, which is very serious

contentions as well as disruptive, this could be resulting from the destructive

issues of rapid land use changes in the coastal areas of Hai Phong, Vietnam. As

coastal areas are already in the risk of climate change impact.The future trend of

this land use could bring us to an extreme alarming stage, such as natural

calamities, coastal erosion, and waste-land. This study provided the assessment

of spatiotemporal changes of mangroves extent using remotely sensed data and

what are the drivers of it. In this study, Landsat and Sentinel-2 data were utilized

to quantify the spatiotemporal changes in land use and land cover (LULCC),

andfocused onthe periods of 1994-2001, 2001-2010, 2010-2015 and 2015-2018,

and decadal changes.The unsupervised classification was selected to determine

the land use and land cover. Error-matrix based accuracy assessment was

accomplished after ground truthing. Results revealed that the biggest expansion

of mangroves occurred during 1994-2001 due to the support of mangroves

plantation project „Planting mangroves, preventing disasters‟. Case study areas

Bang La and Dai Hop communes were found to be well-managed by local

communities,while Tien Lang area found as a vulnerable to natural disaster and

human activities, due to its individual management and extensive practices of

aquacultures. This paper demonstrates the congruous development of relevant

key drivers of coastal mangrove changes, with an emphasis on the land use

change drivers. Meanwhile this study not only would be helpful to future

research but also illustrated an applicable plan for sustainable mangrove

management.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, Spatial resolution, Sentinel-2,Sustainable

mangrove management, Mangroves extents,Land use land cover change.

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PUBLICATION DURING MASTER THESIS

Easmin, A., Hai-Hoa, N., Zuklin, T., Huu-Nghia, N (2018). Determining drivers

of spatial-temporal changes in mangrove extents in HaiPhong city. Journal

of Ocean and Coastal Management (Submited and Under Review).

Huu-Nghia, N., Hai-Hoa., N., Thanh-An, L., Ngoc-Lan, TT.,Easmin, A., Minh￾Tu, NT (2017). Using SPOT 6 to estimate biomass and carbon stocks of

Pinusmerkusii plantation in DinhHai commune, ThanhHoa province.

Journal of Forest Science and Technology. 5:84-94.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and

Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 105.08-2017.05.

First and the foremost, I would like to thank my adviser and I am deeply

indebted to my supervisor for his constant and genuine support as well as

guidance; It would not be possible to learn GIS without him. Associate

Professor Dr. Nguyen Hai Hoa, heartfelt thanks for encouraging me during my

difficult times and pushing me to complete my tasks.

I would like to acknowledge, The Vietnam National University of

Forestry for providing me the scholarship. It would not be possible to study for

masters without your support. I would like to express my gratitude to Erasmus

Plus to grant me scholarship for student mobility program. I am also thankful to

the George-August University of Goettingen to letting me study for a semester.

Thanks to DAAD for your wonderful cooperation in the „Tropical International

Forestry (TIF)MasterProgram‟.

I extend my sincere thanks to all of my teachers in VNUF, they always

encourage me to be work done. I would like to express my sincere thanks to the

staff of the VNUF for your continuous help; your support and consideration

were so important.

Thanks to Commune‟s Red Cross and Commune People‟s Committee and

local people in Bang La, Dai Hop and Tien Lang, Hai Phong City for supporting

us when collecting data.

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List of Contents

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1

Chapter 2: LITERATYRE REVIEW .................................................................... 6

2.1 Overall GIS and Remote sensing ......................................................................................... 7

2.1.1. GIS ............................................................................................................................ 7

2.1.2. Remote sensing ......................................................................................................... 8

Mapping ............................................................................................................................ 10

2.2. Application of GIS and remote sensing to detect land use and land cover change ........... 10

2.3. Application of GIS and remote sensing to detect mangrove extents ........... 11

2.3.1. World scale................................................................................................ 11

2.3.2. In Vietnam .............................................................................................................. 11

2.4. Mangroves ................................................................................................................. 12

2.6. Mangroves in Southeast Asia .................................................................................... 14

2.8. Importance of mangroves .......................................................................................... 17

2.5. Case study .......................................................................................................................... 21

Chapter 3: RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY .................... 24

3.1. Research goal and objectives ............................................................................................. 24

3.1.1. Goal ........................................................................................................................ 24

3.1.2. Objectives ............................................................................................................... 24

3.2. Research scope ............................................................................................. 25

3.3. Methodology...................................................................................................................... 25

3.3.1. Rationale of study ................................................................................................... 25

3.3.2. Detailed methods .................................................................................................... 27

3.3.3. Satellite data collection............................................................................. 27

3.3.4. Investigation of the status of spatial mangrove extents and current mangrove

management schemes ....................................................................................................... 28

3.3.5. Construction of coastal mangrove thematic maps in selected years ...................... 29

3.3.5.1. Image pre-processing .......................................................................................... 29

3.3.5.2. Image interpretation ............................................................................................ 30

3.3.5.3. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) ............................................... 31

3.3.5.4. Supervised Classification .................................................................................... 31

3.3.5.5. Unsupervised Classification ................................................................................ 32

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3.3.5.6. Accuracy assessments .......................................................................................... 33

3.3.6.3. Land use land cover change detection analysis..................................... 35

3.3.6.1. Key drivers of change identification .................................................................... 36

3.3.7. Recommendation for sustainable mangrove management ....................... 36

Chapter 4: SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS OF HAI

PHONG ............................................................................................................... 37

4.1. Geographic features ........................................................................................................... 38

4.2. Climatic features ................................................................................................................ 39

4.3. Land use type ..................................................................................................................... 39

Chapter 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................... 43

5.1. Current land cover Status of mangroves and its management scheme ............................. 44

5.1.1. Current land cover status ....................................................................................... 44

5.1.2. Accuracy Assessment .............................................................................................. 48

5.1.3. Mangrove management scheme ..................................................................................... 51

Mangroves management in Bang La and Dai Hop .......................................................... 51

Socio-economic features ................................................................................................... 55

5.2. Spatiotemporal changes in mangroves extents .................................................................. 56

5.2.1. Temporal changes of mangroves from 1990-2018 ................................................. 56

5.3. Mangrove change detection and key drivers ..................................................................... 58

5.3.1. Land cover change detection in selected periods ........................................................... 58

5.3.2 Key drivers of changes in mangrove extents...................................................................64

5.3.3. Spatiotemporal changes in mangroves extents over the last three decades ........... 67

5.4. Feasible solution for better management of mangroves....................................................70

Chapter 6: GENERAL CONCLUSION AND RESEARCH IMPLICATION ... 75

6.1. General conclusion ............................................................................................................ 75

6.2. Limitation of the Study ...................................................................................................... 76

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List of Tables

Table 2.1. Types of series of Landsat imagery ..................................................... 8

Table 2.2. Mangroves in Southeast Asian countries ........................................... 16

Table 3.1. Remotely sensed data used in this study ............................................ 29

Table 3.2. Useful bands for mapping ................................................................. 31

Table 3.3. NDVI values for various cover types................................................. 32

Table 3.4. Description of different land cover classes of the study area ............ 33

Table 3.5. Selected ground truthing points in this study ..................................... 35

Table 5.1. Land use land cover status of the study area (ha). ............................. 47

Table 5.2. Accuracy assessment for Tien Lang area 2018 ................................. 50

Table 5.3. Accuracy assessment for the Bang La and Dai Hop area 2018 ......... 50

Table 5.4. Average income from mangroves resources ...................................... 56

Table 5.5. Mangroves changes in Tien Lang from 1994-2018 (ha) ................... 57

Table 5.6. Change detection of mangrove extents in Tien Lang(T), Bang La and

Dai Hop (B) ......................................................................................................... 63

Table 5.7. Decadal changes in mangroves extents (ha) ...................................... 69

Table 5.8. Dynamic of mangroves extents in three decades (ha) ....................... 70

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List of Figures

Fig. 2.1. GIS Data Layers ...................................................................................... 7

Fig. 2.2. Various use of GIS .................................................................................. 7

Fig. 2.3. Mangroves in Bang La .......................................................................... 12

Fig. 2.4. Spatial distribution of mangroves in the world .................................... 14

Fig. 2.5. Spatial distribution of mangroves in Southeast Asia ............................ 15

Fig. 2.6. Spatial distribution of mangroves in Vietnam ...................................... 17

Fig. 2.7. Mangroves function .............................................................................. 19

Fig. 4.1. Geographic map of study area .............................................................. 39

Fig. 4.2. Mangroves vegetation in Bang La(left) and Tien Lang (right) ........... 42

Fig. 5.1. Land cover status in Bang La, Dai Hop and Tien Lang. ..................... 47

Fig. 5.2. Land Cover Map of Study area……………………………………… 50

Fig. 5.3. Oil splitting(left) and plastics pollution(right) in Bang La ................... 51

Fig. 5.4. Residents in Tien Lang district deal with the aftermath of Typhoon

Bebinica ............................................................................................................... 51

Fig. 5.5. Mangroves extents in Bang La, Dai Hop and Tien Lang ..................... 58

Fig. 5.6. Land use land cover change graph of Tien Lang ................................. 62

Fig. 5.7. Land use land cover change graph of Bang La and Dai Hop .............. 62

Fig. 5.8. Land use land cover change map of mangrove extentsin Tien Lang,

Bang La and Dai Hop .......................................................................................... 64

Fig. 5.9. Decadal changes in mangroves extents in Tien Lang, Bang La and Dai

Hop ...................................................................................................................... 70

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List of Diagrams

Diagram 3.1. Flowchart of image classification method used in this study ....... 28

Diagram 5.1. The Provincial management structure of mangroves management

in Bang La and Dai Hop commune ..................................................................... 54

Diagram 5.2. Sustainable mangroves management model for Tien Lang .......... 73