Để học sinh thực sự là

D E HO C SIN H THU C S U

L A "TRUN G TA M CU A HOA T DON G DA Y - HO G

O ThS. CAO THI CHAU THUY*

1. Theo Ii thuyet If ludn dgy hgc, hogt dpng

hpc dugc phan chia ra thanh hai each ca bdn:

each thu nhdt, tam djch la hgc theo hinh thuc tiep

nhqn (acquisition metaphor), theo do ngudi hgc

nhqn dugc kien thuc, thong tin, hodc cac kl nang

tu giao vien (GV), ngudi hudng ddn hoac cac

chuyen gia; each thu hai, hgc theo hinh thuc tham

gia (participation metaphor), Id qua trinh ngudi

hoc tham gia vdo cdc hoqt dong cua nhdm hodc

cdng ddng de cd duqc thdng tin, kl ndng vd kien

thuc can thiet.

Cach hoc thu hai dang duqc dp dung phd

bien d cdc nen gido due tien tien tren the gidi, dd

duqc Lave and Wenger phdt trien thdnh mdt If

thuyet hodn chinh goi Id hgc trong boi canh hay

hoan canh (situated learning or learning in

situation) (1). Li thuyet ndy cd the tdm tdt thdnh ba

budc ca bdn theo muc do tham gia tdng ddn cua

ngudi hoc: Trudc het, ngudi hoc nhdn dugc kien

thuc, kT ndng hay thdng tin tu viec dgt no trong

nhung hoan canh hay bdi canh (context/situation)

cu the. Tiep theo, ngudi hoc tham gia vao cac

hogt dong de tiep nhdn nhung kien thuc, kTnang

hoac thdng tin (learn though participation in

community of practice). Muc cudi cung, de hieu

ro, can phdi dp dyng cac kien thuc do vao hoan

canh (learning in the application). Qua trinh hoc

ndy duqc Rogoff xem gidng nhu qua trinh phdt

trien cua mdt dua tre (2). Theo dd, ngudi hoc tu

«lao ddng" de cd dugc kien thuc chu khdng dugc

nhdn True tiep tu gido vien (GV). Ndi each khdc,

ngudi hoc duqc xem Id ngudi lao ddng chinh vd

Id ddi tuqng trung tdm cua hoqt ddng hoc. Vdi

each hoc ndy, ngudi hoc se nhd duqc kien thuc

Idu hon, cd the dp dung, Idm viec ngay sau khi

hoc md khdng can qua trinh «hqc viec" hay ddo

tqo Iqi. Nhung uu diem ndy thudng khdng the cd

duqc d each hoc thu nhdt (ngudi hoc nhdn kien

thuc true tiep tu GV).

2. Hien nay, cdc trudng hoc d Viet Nam dang

day mqnh phong trao ddi mdi phuang phdp dqy

Tap chi Giao due so 235 <w. 1 - 4/201 o)

hoc (PPDH). Ket qua budc ddu dd giup hoc sinh

(HS) tranh duqc tinh trqng thu ddng trong hoc

tap, ngudi hoc cd vai trd chu ddng hon trong

hoqt ddng dqy - hoc. Vi du, gid day GV dd cd

gang hdi HS nhieu cdu hdi han trudc, su dung

cdc dang cdu hdi md (cdu hdi gqi y) thay cho

cdu hdi ddng de phdt huy tu duy cua HS. Tuy

nhien, ben canh nhung thay ddi tren, GV can dp

dyng them mdt sd phuang phdp, bien phdp khdc

de «Dqy hoc tap trung vdo HS". Viec ddt cdu hdi

lien tyc cho HS khdng phdi luc ndo cung cd the

dp dyng duqc vi cd nhung dang bdi gidng khdng

the ddt dugc nhieu cdu hdi hodc tham chi ddi khi

viec ndy Idm bdi hoc bj xe nhd, ddn den phdn

tdc dyng. Dya vdo li thuyet hoc trong bdi canh

nhu tren, GV cd the dp dyng them mdt so bien

phdp tuy theo dieu kien cua mdi trudng, mdi Idp

de HS phdt huy han vai trd cua minh.

Trudc het, theo muc dd thu nhdt, GV cd the

de HS thu nhqn mdt sd kien thuc, thdng tin hodc

kT ndng qua bdi canh vd hodn canh. Hodn canh

hodc bdi canh dd cd the Id nhung md hinh md

phdng, nhung doan phim, tranh dnh, sach,

bdo... chu khdng nhdt thiet Id bd'i canh thyc nhu

d mdi trudng gido dye dqy nghe. Tuy theo tung

mdn hoc vd myc dich md GV, HS tqo ra cdc bdi

canh bd trg cho qua trinh hoc. Su dyng khdng

gian trong Idp de trung bay ve cdc chu de se

hoc bdng cdc buc tranh, md hinh, cdc bdi viet...

Id each tqo bdi canh phd bien cd the Idm d cdc

Idp hoc. HS Id ddi tuqng chinh cung cdp thdng

tin, tranh dnh, md hinh... cho sy trung bay vd

GV Id ngudi chi ddn, hd trq. Hoqt ddng ndy

giup HS khdng chi ndm duqc thdng tin qua viec

tim, lya chon md cdn dugc bd trg kien thuc,

thdng tin tu cdc ban trong Idp (nhung thdng tin,

kien thuc vd hinh dnh duqc cdc ban trinh bay

trong khdng gian cua Idp hoc). Ddi vdi bq mdn

Ljch su, nhung thudc phim, dnh, buc tranh, cdu

' Truong Dai hpc Khoa hpc xa hpi va nhan van TP. Ho Chi Minh