Dạy chính tả tiếng Khmer

Khoa hoc Giao due Giao due dan toe

D A Y CHIN H T A TIEN G KHME R

1. Quan niem va thao tac chung

Day chfnh ta, ve cd ban, la nham hinh thanh kT

nang viet, nhung trudc va trong khi viet chfnh ta,

dac biet la chfnh ta nghe - viet, hpc sinh cdn dUpc

nghe giao vien giang giai, dpc, dupe ban be trao

ddi va dupe chia se nhUng hieu biet va mong dpi

cua minh vdi giao vien va ban be. Nhu vay, trong

gid chfnh ta, hpc sinh cdn ren kT nang nghe va kT

nang ndi.

Khi day hpc sinh viet chinh ta, mudn hpc sinh

viet dung, giao vien can giai thfch nghTa cua tU

can viet, gidi thieu npi dung bai viet; vdi kha

nhieu tU cua tie'ng Khmer, giao vien cdn phai

hudng dan hpc sinh viet tU ay nhu the nao. Rat

nhieu tU, hpc sinh ghi dung am giao vien dpc ra,

nhUng van sai chfnh ta bdi tie'ng Khmer cd nhieu

tUddng am, mdi nghTa lai cd mpt quy dinh chfnh

ta rieng. Hqc sinh khdng the viet dung ne'u hieu

Id md ndi dung dinh viet, va rat khd viet dung,

dau rang chU viet Khmer cung la chd ghi am. Va

the cung xem nhu, trong day chfnh ta, giao vien

da day tU, day cau, day doc hieu va day ca each

viet nUa.

Moi ngdn ngQ, ben canh nhQng quy tac chfnh

ta chung, cdn cd mdt quy tac chfnh ta rieng. Cac

quy tac nay giao vien phai lam rd va hinh thanh

dan dan cho hqc sinh trong sudt qua trinh hqc

tap. Trong gid chfnh ta tie'ng Khmer, hqc sinh

dupe lam cac bai tap chfnh ta: nhan dien am

van, nhan dien cac kf hieu ngdn ngQ, trong dd

cd cac da'u am nhu dau rang chupt, da'u vay ca

va cac da'u am khac. Nhin mdt each tdng quat,

tie'ng Khmer khdng cd da'u thanh nhu tie'ng Viet

nhung cd da'u am: dau bon-to, rd-bat (cdn gpi

la da'u chan ro) bao hieu dpc ngan; dau fray-sop,

tho-menh con-do chuyen giong o thanh giong

d va ngupc lai; da'u con -dg -khet bao hieu am

khdng dupe doc len; da'u sang dok bien cac

tQ cd gdc Pali, gdc Sangscrit de phat am thanh

giong Khmer; da'u ke-le-pdn-tu bao hieu dpc theo

Pali-Sangscrit; da'u g-sg-da bien giong dai thanh

giong ngan dung vdi cac phu am co, do, no, ho...

DAO NAM SON

Trung tam Nghien curu giao due dan toe

Quy trinh tien hanh mdt gid chfnh ta, khdng

tfnh den phan gidi thieu bai, thudng la:

Giao vien doc mau;

Giai nghTa tQ khd trong doan chfnh ta se viet;

Hudng dan viet tU khd;

Hqc sinh luyen viet tU khd;

Hqc sinh thQc hanh chfnh ta.

2. Dac diem chi'nh ta cua tieng Khmer

Tie'ng Khmer nhu da ndi la tie'ng ghi am, nen

viec van dung kinh nghiem va phuong phap

day chfnh ta trong tie'ng Viet la hoan toan cd the,

nhung can xem xet them nhUng da'u hieu dac

thu ve ngQ am va chfnh ta de cd phUdng phap

day hpc cd hieu qua. Dudi day la nhQng da'u hieu

dac thu chfnh ta trong tie'ng Khmer:

a) Sp bien hoa trat tp trong chQ viet. Tie'ng

Khmer ve nguyen tac chung la viet theo tuyen

tfnh va viet tQ trai qua phai. Tuy vay, cd nhieu tQ

phai viet kieu cdc nhay- viet each quang, hay tinh

tien tu" trai qua phai theo hinh xoan dc, hinh md

neo. Vf du: tQ coong- kep phai viet theo tuan tp

co (1)- e- ngo-co(2)-bo (trong dd ngo thi viet than

chQ cdn co (thQ 2) chi viet chan chQ va viet theo

hinh thQc gQi chan dudi chU ngo).

b) Sp lUu giU da'u hieu chfnh ta nguyen gdc

trong cac tQ vay mupn. Trong tie'ng Khmer cd

nhieu tU vay mupn cua ngdn ngU Pali va Sang￾scrit. Sp vay mupn nay khac han tie'ng Viet khi

vay mupn tQ tie'ng Han. Trong kho tQ vpng tieng

Viet cd rat nhieu tQ Han-Viet, nhung tat ca nhQng

tQ nay deu tuan thu nguyen tac chinh ta tie'ng

Viet. NgUdi hqc tie'ng Viet cd the khdng hieu day

du nghTa tU Han-Viet nhUng khdng may khi viet

sai chinh ta, ne'u nhu ngudi doc phat am chuan.

Tie'ng Khmer thi hoan toan khac. Ngudi Khmer

khi vay mUpn de lam giau ngdn ngQ cua minh,

da khdng Khmer hoa hoan toan, ma van luu giU

khi thi toan phan, khi thi mdt phan nhQng da'u

vet con chQ. Chfnh vi the, viec ghi chep cua tie'ng

Khmer gap khdng ft trd ngai. ChQ Khmer cho

den nay cdn de lai nhQng da'u vet cd trong chfnh

ta. DUdi day la mdt thdng ke nhd lay tU SGK day

50 KHGD so 66, thang 3 - 2011