Cultural heritage and tourism in the developing world

Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World

Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World is the first book of its kind to

synthesize global and regional issues, challenges, and practices related to cultural

heritage and tourism, specifically in less-developed nations. The importance of pre￾servation and management of cultural heritage has been realized as an increasing

number of tourists are visiting heritage attractions. Although many of the issues and

challenges developing countries face in terms of heritage management are quite dif￾ferent from those in the developed world, there is a lack of consolidated research on

this important subject. This seminal book tackles the issues through theoretical dis￾course, ideas, and problems that underlay heritage tourism in terms of conservation,

management, economics and underdevelopment, politics and power, resource utiliza￾tion, colonialism, and various other antecedent notions that have shaped the develop￾ment of heritage tourism in the less-developed regions of the world.

The book is composed of two sections. The first section highlights the broader

conceptual underpinnings, debates, and paradigms in the realm of heritage tourism in

developing regions. The chapters in this section examine heritage resources and the

tourism product; protecting heritage relics, places and traditions; politics of heritage;

and the impacts of heritage tourism. The second section examines heritage tourism

issues in specific regions, including the Pacific Islands, South Asia, the Caribbean,

China and Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, subSaharan Africa, Central and Eastern

Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, and Latin America. Each region has

unique histories, cultures, political traditions, heritages, issues, and problems, and the

way these issues are tackled vary from place to place.

This volume develops frameworks that are useful tools for heritage managers,

planners and policy-makers, researchers, and students in understanding the complexity

of cultural heritage and tourism in the developing world. Unlike many other books

written about developing regions, this book provides insiders’ perspectives, as most of

the empirical chapters are authored by the individuals who live or have lived in the

various regions and have a greater understanding of the region’s culture, history, and

operational frameworks in the realm of cultural heritage. The richness of this “indi￾genous” or expert knowledge comes through as each regional overview elucidates the

primary challenges and opportunities facing heritage and tourism managers in the less

affluent areas of the world.

Dallen J. Timothy is Professor of Community Resources and Development at Arizona

State University, USA. He is Editor of the Journal of Heritage Tourism and also

researches tourism issues related to religion, developing countries, planning, and borders.

Gyan P. Nyaupane is the graduate program director and assistant professor at Arizona

State University, USA. He has research interests in heritage management, conserva￾tion, and tourism development in the developing world

Contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism and mobility

Series editor: C. Michael Hall

Professor, Department of Management, College of Business & Economics,

University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

The aim of this series is to explore and communicate the intersections and rela￾tionships between leisure, tourism, and human mobility within the social sciences.

It will incorporate both traditional and new perspectives on leisure and

tourism from contemporary geography, e.g., notions of identity, representation

and culture, while also providing for perspectives from cognate areas such as

anthropology, cultural studies, gastronomy and food studies, marketing, policy

studies and political economy, regional and urban planning, and sociology,

within the development of an integrated field of leisure and tourism studies.

Also, increasingly, tourism and leisure are regarded as steps in a continuum

of human mobility. Inclusion of mobility in the series offers the prospect to

examine the relationship between tourism and migration, the sojourner, edu￾cational travel, and second home and retirement travel phenomena.

The series comprises two strands:

Contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism and mobility aims to address the

needs of students and academics, and the titles will be published in hardback

and paperback. Titles include:

The Moralisation of Tourism

Sun, sand … and saving the world?

Jim Butcher

The Ethics of Tourism Development

Mick Smith and Rosaleen Duffy

Tourism in the Caribbean

Trends, development, prospects

Edited by David Timothy Duval

Qualitative Research in Tourism (red)

Ontologies, epistemologies and

methodologies

Edited by Jenny Phillimore and

Lisa Goodson

The Media and the Tourist

Imagination (metallic mid-blue)

Converging cultures

Edited by David Crouch, Rhona

Jackson and Felix Thompson

Tourism and Global Environmental

Change

Ecological, social, economic and

political interrelationships

Edited by Stefan Gössling and

C. Michael Hall

Cultural Heritage of Tourism in the

Developing World

Dallen J. Timothy and Gyan P.

Nyaupane

Forthcoming

Understanding and Managing

Tourism Impacts

Michael Hall and Alan Lew

Routledge studies in contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism and mobility

is a forum for innovative new research intended for research students and

academics, and the titles will be available in hardback only. Titles include:

1. Living with Tourism

Negotiating identities in a

Turkish village

Hazel Tucker

2. Tourism, Diasporas and Space

Edited by Tim Coles and

Dallen J. Timothy

3. Tourism and Postcolonialism

Contested discourses, identities

and representations

Edited by C. Michael Hall and

Hazel Tucker

4. Tourism, Religion and Spiritual

Journeys

Edited by Dallen J. Timothy and

Daniel H. Olsen

5. China’s Outbound Tourism

Wolfgang Georg Arlt

6. Tourism, Power and Space

Edited by Andrew Church and

Tim Coles

7. Tourism, Ethnic Diversity and

the City

Edited by Jan Rath

8. Ecotourism, NGOs and

Development

A critical analysis

Jim Butcher

9. Tourism and the Consumption of

Wildlife

Hunting, shooting and sport fishing

Edited by Brent Lovelock

10. Tourism, Creativity and

Development

Edited by Greg Richards and

Julie Wilson

11. Tourism at the Grassroots

Edited by John Connell and

Barbara Rugendyke

12. Tourism and Innovation

Michael Hall and Allan Williams

13. World Tourism Cities

Developing tourism off the

beaten track

Edited by Robert Maitland and

Peter Newman

14. Tourism and National Parks

International perspectives on

development, histories and change

Edited by Warwick Frost and

C. Michael Hall

Forthcoming

15. Tourism, Performance and the

Everyday

Consuming the Orient

Michael Haldrup and

Jonas Larsen

Cultural Heritage and Tourism

in the Developing World

A regional perspective

Edited by

Dallen J. Timothy and Gyan P. Nyaupane

First published 2009

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2009 Selection and editorial matter: Dallen J. Timothy and Gyan P.

Nyaupane; individual chapters: the contributors

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or

utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now

known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in

any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing

from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Cultural heritage and tourism in the developing world: a regional

perspective / Dallen J. Timothy and Gyan P. Nyaupane (eds)

p. cm. — (Contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism and mobilities)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

[etc.]

1. Heritage tourism—Developing countries. I. Timothy, Dallen J. II.

Nyaupane, Gyan P., 1968–

G156.5.H47C853 2009

338.4’791091724—dc22

2008048520

ISBN10: 0-415-77621-X (hbk)

ISBN10: 0-415-77622-8 (pbk)

ISBN10: 0-203-87775-6 (ebk)

ISBN13: 978-0-415-77621-9 (hbk)

ISBN13: 978-0-415-77622-6 (pbk)

ISBN13: 978-0-203-87775-3 (ebk)

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009.

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s

collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.

ISBN 0-203-87775-6 Master e-book ISBN

Contents

List of figures ix

List of tables x

List of contributors xi

Acknowledgments xiii

Preface xiv

PART I

Heritage issues and challenges in developing regions 1

1 Introduction: heritage tourism and the less-developed world 3

2 Protecting the past: challenges and opportunities 20

3 The politics of heritage 42

4 Heritage tourism and its impacts 56

PART II

Heritage issues and challenges: regional perspectives 71

5 The meanings, marketing, and management of heritage tourism

in Southeast Asia 73

JOAN C. HENDERSON

6 Heritage and tourism in East Asia’s developing nations:

communist–socialist legacies and diverse cultural landscapes 93

DALLEN J. TIMOTHY, BIHU WU, AND OYUNCHIMEG LUVSANDAVAAJAV

7 Heritage tourism in the Pacific: modernity, myth, and identity 109

C. MICHAEL HALL

8 South Asian heritage tourism: conflict, colonialism, and cooperation 127

GYAN P. NYAUPANE AND MEGHA BUDRUK

9 Heritage tourism in Southwest Asia and North Africa: contested

pasts and veiled realities 146

DALLEN J. TIMOTHY AND RAMI F. DAHER

10 Tourism and Africa’s tripartite cultural past 165

VICTOR B. TEYE

11 Heritage management and tourism in the Caribbean 186

LESLIE-ANN JORDAN AND DAVID T. DUVAL

12 Heritage tourism in Latin America: can turbulent times be

overcome? 209

REGINA SCHLÜTER

13 Heritage tourism in Central and Eastern Europe 224

DUNCAN LIGHT, CRAIG YOUNG, AND MARIUSZ CZEPCZYN´ SKI

14 Heritage tourism in the developing world: reflections and

ramifications 246

Index 252

viii Contents

Figures

5.1 Developing countries and World Heritage Sites

in Southeast Asia 82

6.1 Developing countries and World Heritage Sites

in East Asia 94

7.1 Developing countries and World Heritage Sites

n the Pacific 113

8.1 Developing countries and World Heritage Sites

in South Asia 129

9.1 Developing countries and World Heritage Sites

in the Middle East and North Africa 156

10.1 Developing countries and World Heritage Sites

in subSaharan Africa 168

11.1 Developing countries and World Heritage Sites

in the Caribbean 187

12.1 Developing countries and World Heritage Sites

in Latin America 212

13.1 Developing countries and World Heritage Sites

in Eastern Europe 225

Tables

1.1 Characteristics of developed and developing countries 5

1.2 UNESCO’s list of World Heritage in Danger, July 2008 12

5.1 ASEAN member country statistics 74

5.2 International tourist arrivals by ASEAN member country, 2006 75

5.3 ASEAN top ten tourist-generating markets, 2005 75

7.1 Tourism, economic, and demographic data for the Pacific

(thousands), selected years, selected states 112

8.1 Profile of South Asian countries 132

10.1 Profile of African countries, 2006 166

10.2 Major indigenous African civilizations and empires 172

10.3 Early European explorers in Africa 174

11.1 Selected UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean 191

11.2 Caribbean states party to the World Heritage Convention

(as at October 2006) 191

11.3 The principles of the St. Georges Declaration (SGD),

announced 2001 193

13.1 Basic data on the countries of Central and Eastern Europe 226

13.2 International tourist arrivals in the countries of Central and

Eastern Europe 234

Contributors

Megha Budruk is Assistant Professor of Community Resources and Development

at Arizona State University, Phoenix, USA.

Mariusz Czepczyn´ski is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Economic

Geography, University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland.

Rami F. Daher is Associate Professor of Architecture at German-Jordanian

University, Amman, Jordan, and Principal of TURATH: Architecture and

Urban Design Consultants, Amman, Jordan.

David T. Duval is Associate Professor in the Department of Tourism at the

University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

C. Michael Hall is Professor of Management at the University of Canterbury,

Christchurch, New Zealand.

Joan C. Henderson is an Associate Professor in the Nanyang Business School,

Singapore.

Leslie-Ann Jordan is a Lecturer in Hospitality and Tourism at the University

of the West Indies, Trinidad.

Duncan Light is Associate Professor of Human Geography, Liverpool Hope

University, Liverpool, UK.

Oyunchimeg Luvsandavaajav is Lecturer in Human Geography and Tourism

at the National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Gyan P. Nyaupane is Assistant Professor of Community Resources and

Development at Arizona State University, Phoenix, USA.

Regina Schlüter is the Director of Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios

Turísticos, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Victor B. Teye is Associate Professor of Community Resources and Development

at Arizona State University, Phoenix, USA.

Dallen J. Timothy is Professor of Community Resources and Development at

Arizona State University, Phoenix, USA.

Bihu Wu is Professor in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning,

Peking University, Beijing, China.

Craig Young lectures at the Manchester Institute of Social and Spatial

Transformations, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK.

xii Contributors

Acknowledgments

The editors would like to extend a warm thank you to Andrew Mould and

Michael P. Jones at Taylor and Francis for their patience and perseverance.

They have been a pleasure to work with, and their enthusiasm for the project

was very encouraging. We would also like to thank the contributors for their

expertise in putting together a set of well-written chapters on regional issues

in heritage tourism. Their efforts are much appreciated, especially those who

stepped in at the last minute to write chapters that were initially meant to be

written by others. The efforts of Bharath Sollapuram and Surya Poudel in

drawing the maps are gratefully acknowledged. Finally, our biggest debt of

gratitude, as always, goes to our wives (Carol and Meera) and children who

have put up with late nights and shouldered so much more than their fair

share of work during the preparation of this book.

Preface

This book emerged from a long-held belief by the editors and many other

academic observers that many tourism dynamics in the developing world are

quite different from those in the more affluent portions of the globe. The

editors have lived in, traveled around, and worked widely throughout the

developing world and have observed first hand many of these unique dimen￾sions of tourism. Both editors have a strong interest in cultural heritage and

have studied heritage issues in the developing world context on many occa￾sions. Based on an understanding of the different heritage and tourism

experiences in the less-developed world, this book was conceived. Our original

plan was to provide conceptual overviews of critical issues, challenges, and

opportunities in the heritage tourism context in developing regions and then

invite scholars who themselves are interested in heritage tourism and who live

in less-affluent countries of the world to contribute regional overviews to

highlight these crucial issues in their various regions. This “indigenous”

approach was considered the best way to understand the challenges and issues

facing heritage places in developing countries. Unfortunately, however, several

people were unable to contribute for various reasons, and new authors were

asked to fill in, some in the last hours of the project. We are grateful to them

and their willingness to work with us. Despite this glitch, we were able to put

together a successful collection of regional overviews that illustrate the

common problems and prospects of cultural heritage and tourism in the less￾affluent regions. The developing world is rich in awesome cultural resources

that have created and continue to create some of the most attractive tourist

destinations in the world.

Dallen J. Timothy

Gilbert, Arizona, USA

Gyan P. Nyaupane

Tempe, Arizona, USA