Cross-Cultural Dialogue as a Conflict Management Strategy

Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications

J. Martín Ramírez

Gracia Abad-Quintanal Editors

Cross-Cultural

Dialogue as a Conflict

Management

Strategy

Advanced Sciences and Technologies

for Security Applications

Series editor

Anthony J. Masys, Associate Professor Director of Global Disaster Management,

Humanitarian Assistance and Homeland Security, University of South Florida,

Tampa, USA

Advisory Board

Gisela Bichler, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, USA

Thirimachos Bourlai, WVU—Statler College of Engineering and Mineral

Resources, Morgantown, WV, USA

Chris Johnson, University of Glasgow, UK

Panagiotis Karampelas, Hellenic Air Force Academy, Attica, Greece

Christian Leuprecht, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada

Edward C. Morse, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

David Skillicorn, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada

Yoshiki Yamagata, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan

The series Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications

comprises interdisciplinary research covering the theory, foundations and

domain-specific topics pertaining to security. Publications within the series are

peer-reviewed monographs and edited works in the areas of:

– biological and chemical threat recognition and detection (e.g., biosensors,

aerosols, forensics)

– crisis and disaster management

– terrorism

– cyber security and secure information systems (e.g., encryption, optical and

photonic systems)

– traditional and non-traditional security

– energy, food and resource security

– economic security and securitization (including associated infrastructures)

– transnational crime

– human security and health security

– social, political and psychological aspects of security

– recognition and identification (e.g., optical imaging, biometrics, authentication

and verification)

– smart surveillance systems

– applications of theoretical frameworks and methodologies (e.g., grounded the￾ory, complexity, network sciences, modelling and simulation)

Together, the high-quality contributions to this series provide a cross-disciplinary

overview of forefront research endeavours aiming to make the world a safer place.

The editors encourage prospective authors to correspond with them in advance of

submitting a manuscript. Submission of manuscripts should be made to the

Editor-in-Chief or one of the Editors.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5540

J. Martín Ramírez • Gracia Abad-Quintanal

Editors

Cross-Cultural Dialogue

as a Conflict Management

Strategy

123

Editors

J. Martín Ramírez

Nebrija University

Madrid

Spain

Gracia Abad-Quintanal

Nebrija University

Madrid

Spain

ISSN 1613-5113 ISSN 2363-9466 (electronic)

Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications

ISBN 978-3-319-77230-1 ISBN 978-3-319-77231-8 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77231-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018934900

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part

of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,

recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission

or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar

methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this

publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from

the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this

book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the

authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or

for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to

jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG

part of Springer Nature

The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

In Memoriam

To Robert A. Hinde (1923–2017)

for his outstanding contributions to CICA

and specially to the Seville Statement on

Violence.

Contents

Part I World Order and Conflict

The World Order and the New Geopolitical Trends ............... 3

Jesús Argumosa

The Destiny of Nuclear Weapons After the Ban Treaty ............. 9

A. A. Soltanieh

Part II Culture, Violence and Conflict

Security Culture and Morale: Determinants of Effective

Operation of Uniformed Services .............................. 23

Juliusz Piwowarski and Wojciech Czajkowski

Individual Terrorism as a Response to the Distorted

Phenomenon of Cultural Identity .............................. 34

Claudio. A. Payá-Santos, Juan José Delgado-Morán,

and Pablo Andrés Mazurier

Language Diversity as a Source of Conflict in Hungary—Possible

Implications of Immigration .................................. 46

Noemi Nagy

Part III Cultural Differences and Conflict Management

The Search for Unity Beneath Our Cultural Differences ............ 61

Tina Lindhard

What Can Psychology Offer in Cross-Cultural Dialogue:

A Psychological Approach to Intercultural Competence ............. 70

Marzanna Farnicka and Margarida Pocinho

Sensemaking and Unknowable in Risk Management ............... 84

Dumisani Khanyle and John David Cluett

vii

Aesthetics of Peace: The Role of Art in Conflict

Transformation ........................................... 101

Ioana Popescu

Part IV The Legal and Justice Systems and the Cross-Cultural

Conflict

Dangerous Offenders with Personality Disorders: A Comparative

Study of the Situation in Diverse Legal Systems, with Special Attention

to Spain ................................................. 117

Pilar Otero

Terrorism and Violence in Spanish Prisons: A Brief Glimpse

into Prison Environment: Personal Experiences

and Reflections ............................................ 138

Luis Millana

Epilogue .................................................... 154

viii Contents

Contributors

Jesús Argumosa Major General, Spanish Army, Madrid, Spain

John David Cluett JDC Consulting, Johannesburg, South Africa

Wojciech Czajkowski Dean of Faculty of Security and Socio-Legal Sciences,

Apeiron University, Katowice, Poland

Juan José Delgado-Morán Antonio de Nebrija University, Madrid, Spain

Marzanna Farnicka University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland

Dumisani Khanyle Kevali Chemical Group, Sandton, Johannesburg, South Africa

Tina Lindhard International University of Professional Studies (IUPS),

Makawao, HI, USA

Pablo Andrés Mazurier Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy

Luis Millana General Secretariat of Penitentiary Institutions, Spanish Home

Ministry, Madrid, Spain; Nebrija University, Madrid, Spain

Noemi Nagy Department of International Law, Faculty of International and

European Studies, National University of Public Service, Budapest, Hungary

Pilar Otero Department of Criminal Law, Carlos III University of Madrid,

Madrid, Spain

Claudio. A. Payá-Santos Antonio de Nebrija University, Madrid, Spain

Juliusz Piwowarski Rector of the University “Apeiron”, Cracow, Poland

ix

Margarida Pocinho University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal

Ioana Popescu Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK

A. A. Soltanieh Ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations

and Other International Organization, Vienna, Austria

x Contributors

Introduction

We would like to dedicate this book to Prof. Robert A. Hinde, who passed away last

year. He was a wonderful man and great scientist: twice Doctor, by Oxford and by

Cambridge, Doctor h.c. by the Sorbonne, and Master of St. John’s College at

Cambridge, just where Isaac Newton was living when he discovered the law of

gravity, observing the falling of an apple, in 1666. As a real and honest Pugwashite,

chairing the British Pugwash, non-violence, reconciliation, and the abolition of war

were close to his heart. I personally had the privilege of sharing quite close and

deep professional collaboration through ISRA and CICA conferences (including

publications, included the join edition of a book, and a key participation in the

elaboration of UNESCO endorsed Seville Statement on Violence), becoming a very

close family friend for the past four decades, with him coming to my Seville home

and I to his St. John’s College, at Cambridge. Robert was an outstanding person, a

role model for all of those who knew him: kind and upright, he had a keen eye for

the bigger picture, and this gave him a unique way of viewing humanity and the

problems associated with modern-day living. In this, his solutions were always

ethical, although within this he demanded a fairer deal for all. His kindness,

humanistic character and gentleman like honesty will always be present in our

coming CICA task.

*****

CICA International offers expanding international conferences intended to tackle

universal human problems related to conflict in a wide-ranging way that transcends

disciplinary and cultural perspectives, offering a trans-disciplinary knowledge.

These CICAs started in 1983, gathering scholars and researchers interested on the

analysis and discussion of the relationship between brain and aggression and other

close topics, such as violence, terrorism, peace, and conflict at different levels, from

the internal to the international ones, through an integrated, comprehensive, and

interdisciplinary approach that considers both biological and psycho-socio-cultural

factors. The main characteristic of these CICA meetings throughout the world is

xi

precisely this wide-ranging, comprehensive approach, crossing disciplinary

boundaries. Consequently, it is open to plenty of disciplines, such as: individual and

social psychology, psychiatry, physiology, sociology, anthropology, animal beha￾viour, criminology, international law, political science, pharmacology, child

development, education, security studies and international relations, law and world

affairs, military and peace studies, as well as policy makers, among others, but

always trying to integrate the different disciplines with the purpose of helping in

laying down a very much needed stable social system.

The scientific fruit of the previous forty CICAs held to date at seventeen

countries in five continents [Spain, Chile, Colombia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, USA

(California, New England, and Georgia), Greece, Zambia, Italy, England, Nord

Ireland, Mexico, Poland, Turkey, Hungary, Bulgaria, and India] is reflected in the

elaboration of more than thirty publications, most of them in English language (see:

http://www.cicainternational.org).

The present book is a product of some selected contributions to the XLII CICA,

focused on one of the most timely topics, specially in Europe: Conflict and

Cross-Cultural Dialogue, accounting on the participation of experts from 34

countries from five different continents: China-Hong Kong, Cambodia, Iran,

Vietnam, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,

Denmark, England, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania,

Russia, Serbia, Switzerland, Canada, USA, Nigeria, South Africa, Western Sahara,

Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Spain.

More specifically, we were fortunate to host reputed scholars from different

fields of expertise as keynote speakers, such as the Chair of the International

Pugwash Council; a former Permanent Representative of the Islamic Republic of

Iran to the United Nations, Advisor to Vice President of Iran and Head of Iranian

Atomic Energy Organization; the President of Sephardi Community of Jerusalem; a

qualified member of the Muslim Council in UK; a former President of the

Parliament of Luxembourg and Honorary Minister of Culture; the President-elect

of the Society for the Study of Peace and Conflict; the President of the Colombian

Institute of Studies on Psychosocial biology and Intervention in Violence; as well as

several delegates from the former Yugoslavia. We were also very honoured by the

presence of an institutional top-level delegation from the University of Public and

Individual Security “Apeiron” in Cracow.

*****

As mentioned above, this present volume on Cross-Cultural Dialogue as a Conflict

Management Strategy brings together a selection of scholarly contributions pre￾sented to the XLII CICA, authored by a really cross-cultural cast of 16 international

researchers and leading thinkers representing ten countries from Europe, Americas,

Africa, and the Middle East, addressing quite relevant issues on the general topic,

from an interdisciplinary perspective. The academic background of the contributors

is quite diverse: militia and police, law, diplomacy, security and conflict studies,

psychology, art and humanities. This approach encourages a broader perspective

xii Introduction

and thought process, trans-discipline and global collaboration and cooperation, and

an integrated synthesis of knowledge.

This rather eclectic group of authors approaches the main topic from four dif￾ferent points of view:

The first section opens with two chapters focused on some interesting and

necessary descriptive considerations on the current status quo: the world order and

some important facets of the current conflictive situation. The first chapter, written

by the Spanish Army general Argumosa, offers a very clear accounting on the new

geopolitical trends, outlining some of the features of the new world order that will

accompany us in the first third of the twenty-first century.

The Iranian ambassador Soltanieh dedicates the second one to narrate how the

recent UN multilateral Ban Treaty of Nuclear Weapons (7 July 2017) was elabo￾rated. Being a first-line observer, in his capacity as a senior evaluation consultant of

CTBTO as well as UNODC during the Vienna negotiations, he considers its

eventual future, including a critical review: its step-by-step voluntary mild

approach, without legally binding obligations for elimination of nuclear weapons

within certain definite timeline, practically postponed or decades the realization of

this legitimate urgent demand.

The next section includes three champers on Culture, Violence and Conflict. The

first two are focused on security issues: two Polish experts in security, Piwowarski

and Czajkowski, share their experiences at the University of Public and Individual

Security in Cracow, concerning the importance of functioning patterns morale for

individuals and professional groups within the modern civilization; and Paya,

Delgado, and Mazurier, scholars from Spain and Argentina, link the terrorist

phenomenon to a distorted cultural identity, in an effort to clarify the scope of the

concepts of ideology and interpellation to study the phenomenon of identification

with the cause of, and subsequent voluntary support to, Jihadism through lone

wolves’ actions.

The final chapter, written by Nagy, a Hungarian jurist specialized in language

rights, assesses the possible effect of language on conflict, analyzing the case of her

country, a multinational and multilingual state for a thousand years, in the context

of recent migrations. She opens very interesting questions such as: Is Hungary’s

legal arrangement appropriate to accommodate current needs of language minorities

including new minorities, i.e. migrants? What are the possible implications of influx

of immigrants into Hungary in terms of language policy? Will language resurface as

a source of conflict as a new layout of multilingualism is taking shape in Europe?

Four chapters compose the third section, on how the conflicts can be managed in

a positive way within different cultures. Lindhard, a Danish expert in consciousness

studies, starts with a quite provocative perspective on the search for unity beneath

our cultural differences, suggesting how to cope a deep respect for human differ￾ences—we express ourselves in different ways, religiously, culturally, and indi￾vidually—with a sincere search for “that” what underlies all of us.

The next one is written by two scholars from Poland, Farnicka, and Portugal,

Pocinho, who offer a psychological approach to intercultural competence, analyzing

what can psychology offer in cross-cultural dialogue. This framework of

Introduction xiii

intercultural competence can be helpful in ensuring a more comprehensive, inte￾grated approach in everyday work and life and promoting a better cross-cultural

dialogue.

Another two experienced South African businessmen—Khanyile and Cluett—

introduce a different methodology of managing conflict risk by understanding the

unknowables in potential threats. These unknowables can be understood through

sense-making processes, strongly dependent upon identity. Consequently, under￾standing how our personal identities shape what we see in other people improves

collective understanding of each other and the situation in front of us which pro￾vides solutions in a multicultural dialogue.

The section is closed by a very attractive chapter prepared by Popescu, a

Romanian with a depth knowledge in peace-building and post-conflict recon￾struction, providing a new approach through which conflict transformation can be

pursued in order to prevent violence; she tells us about the possibility of using art as

a tool in conflict transformation, with several examples of how artistic and aesthetic

experiences may address some key underlying causes of conflict such as: trauma,

miscommunication, social exclusion, and dehumanization. And writing this intro￾duction just after watching the Vienna New Year Concert, as I usually do every

January 1—unfortunately not in person, tough—I cannot but agree with Popescu’s

rationale: music is necessary of a better world!

The fourth section, focused directly on the legal and justice systems within

cross-cultural conflicts, is written by two Spanish scholars. In the first chapter,

Otero, a prestigious jurist specialized in penal law, presents a comparative study

of the security measures applied to dangerous offenders with personality disorders

in a variety of legal cultures, paying special attention to Spanish criminal

legislation.

Finally, Millana, a Spanish prison officer with a psychological Ph.D. as back￾ground, shares with us some practical reflections on his personal experience on

various intervention programmes applied into a prison environment with interns

from different cultures and backgrounds, such as belonging to armed or criminal

gangs, Latino gangs (maras), or jihadist terrorist organizations.

Cross-Cultural Dialogue as a Conflict Management Strategy is completed by an

Introduction and an Epilogue by both co-editors.

In sum, we hope that reading this volume may help to achieve our purpose of

leading to laying down a stable social system, materializing a new opportunity for

exchanging interesting ideas, and contributing, even if modestly, to the develop￾ment of some positive solutions to this key human conflict so vivid nowadays

among our society.

January 2018 J. Martín Ramírez

xiv Introduction

Part I

World Order and Conflict