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Condition assessment of aged structures
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Condition assessment of aged structures
© 2008 Woodhead Publishing Limited
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© 2008 Woodhead Publishing Limited
Part
Conditionassessment
of aged structures
Edited by
J. K. Paik
and
R. E. Melchers
CRC Press
Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC
WPTF2005
© 2008 Woodhead Publishing Limited
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park
Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, England
www.woodheadpublishing.com
Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW,
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA
First published 2008, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC
ß 2008 Woodhead Publishing Limited
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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Woodhead Publishing Limited ISBN 978-1-84569-334-3 (book)
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CRC Press ISBN 978-1-4200-9304-9
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© 2008 Woodhead Publishing Limited
Contributor contact details xi
Preface xv
Part I Current practices
1 Current practices in condition assessment of
aged ships and floating offshore structures 3
G WANG ,CS ERRATELLA and S K ALGHATGI ,
American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), USA
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)
and vessel inspections by classification societies 5
1.3 International Maritime Organization (IMO), flag states and
port states 10
1.4 Industry self-regulation and voluntary inspections 13
1.5 Design, maintenance, inspection and repair of ship structures 14
1.6 Design, maintenance, inspection and repair of floating
offshore structures 22
1.7 Nondestructive examination and monitoring 28
1.8 Challenges and future trends 30
1.9 Sources of further information and advice 31
1.10 Acknowledgments 31
1.11 References 31
1.12 Appendix: abbreviations used in this chapter 34
2 Current practices in condition assessment of
aged fixed-type offshore structures 36
I L OTSBERG , Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Norway
2.1 Introduction 36
2.2 Design standards and acceptance criteria for assessment 38
Contents
© 2008 Woodhead Publishing Limited
2.3 Process for structural assessment 41
2.4 Collection of data from design, fabrication, transportation,
installation and in-service life 43
2.5 Assessment of data and structural analyses 52
2.6 Mitigation 59
2.7 Future trends 60
2.8 Sources of further information and advice 61
2.9 References 62
3 Definition and assessment of deficiencies in
building construction 65
A V A N G R I E K E N , Connell Wagner Pty Ltd, Australia
3.1 Historical perspective 65
3.2 History of global construction developments 66
3.3 The Australian experience 67
3.4 The benefit of the historical perspective 70
3.5 General causes of deficiencies 70
3.6 The three types of deficiencies: deterioration, defect and
damage 71
3.7 Assessment of deficiencies 73
3.8 References 73
Part II Mechanisms, mathematical models and preventive
measures for age-related deterioration
4 Corrosion wastage in aged structures 77
R E M E L C H E R S , The University of Newcastle, Australia
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 Some fundamental corrosion principles 81
4.3 A model based on fundamentals 85
4.4 Environmental and other influences 91
4.5 Variability and probabilistic models 92
4.6 Some other corrosion loss models 93
4.7 Coastal atmospheric corrosion 96
4.8 Inland atmospheric corrosion 98
4.9 Pitting corrosion 98
4.10 Discussion 102
4.11 Conclusions 103
4.12 Acknowledgement 103
4.13 References 103
vi Contents
© 2008 Woodhead Publishing Limited
5 Fatigue cracking in aged structures 107
W C C U I , China Ship Scientific Research Center, China
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Historical overview of metal fatigue 107
5.3 Current understanding of fatigue mechanisms 110
5.4 Fatigue life prediction methods 111
5.5 Preventive measures for fatigue cracking 132
5.6 Conclusions 140
5.7 References 141
6 Local denting and other deterioration in aged
structures 149
N Y A M A M O T O , Research Institute of Nippon Kaiji Kyokai,
Japan
6.1 Introduction 149
6.2 Local deformation damage caused by mechanical external
cause 150
6.3 Local deformation damage caused by corrosion 156
6.4 Conclusions 161
6.5 References 161
Part III Residual strength of aged structures
7 Corroded structures and residual strength 165
T N A K A I , Nippon Steel Corporation, Japan and
N Y A M A M O T O , Research Institute of Nippon Kaiji Kyokai,
Japan
7.1 Introduction 165
7.2 Probabilistic modeling of corrosion 165
7.3 Degradation of hull girder strength 167
7.4 Pitting corrosion 168
7.5 Equivalent thickness of plates with pitting corrosion 174
7.6 Conclusions 183
7.7 References 183
8 Cracked structures and residual strength 186
F WA N G and W C C U I , China Ship Scientific Research
Center, China
8.1 Fundamentals of residual strength of cracked structures 186
8.2 Residual ultimate strength of cracked plates 189
8.3 Plates with a single crack under ultimate tensile loads 189
Contents vii
© 2008 Woodhead Publishing Limited
8.4 Plates with a single crack under ultimate compressive loads 201
8.5 Residual strength of plates with multiple collinear cracks 211
8.6 Random cracks 215
8.7 Ultimate strength of cracked stiffened panels 216
8.8 Ultimate strength of cracked ship hull girder 222
8.9 Conclusions 228
8.10 References 228
9 Dented structures and residual strength 231
J K P A I K , Pusan National University, Korea
9.1 Introduction 231
9.2 Mechanism of local denting damage 232
9.3 Residual ultimate strength characteristics of dented plates 239
9.4 Methods of damage detection and their uncertainties 247
9.5 Conclusions 248
9.6 References 249
Part IV Reliability of aged structures
10 Reliability of aged ship structures 253
Y G A R B A T O V and C G U E D E S S O A R E S , Technical
University of Lisbon, Portugal
10.1 Introduction 253
10.2 Time-dependent hull section modulus subject to crack growth 261
10.3 Effect of corrosion on the hull section modulus 265
10.4 Time-dependent section modulus of a hull with cracks and
corrosion 266
10.5 Time-dependent reliability of the ship hull girder 267
10.6 Modelling crack inspections and reliability 270
10.7 Modelling corrosion inspection and reliability 274
10.8 Time-dependent reliability of ship hull subjected to fatigue
and corrosion failure 275
10.9 Numerical example 277
10.10 Discussion and conclusions 282
10.11 Acknowledgements 283
10.12 References 284
11 Reliability of aged offshore structures 287
T M O A N , Norwegian University of Science and Technology
(NTNU), Norway
11.1 Introduction 287
11.2 Current design practice for offshore structures: limit states 291
viii Contents
© 2008 Woodhead Publishing Limited
11.3 Inspection and maintenance of offshore structures 299
11.4 Concluding remarks on component design criteria 301
11.5 System failure criteria for offshore structures 301
11.6 Uncertainty measures used in reliability analysis 302
11.7 Load effects on offshore structures 304
11.8 Structural reliability analysis: elementary case 310
11.9 Fatigue reliability 318
11.10 Systems reliability 322
11.11 Updating of variables in reliability analysis 326
11.12 Decision making during design of offshore structures and
in service 335
11.13 Target safety levels in reliability analysis 337
11.14 Improving the reliability of offshore structures 342
11.15 Conclusions 346
11.16 References 347
12 Reliability of aged land-based structures 352
R E M E L C H E R S , The University of Newcastle, Australia
12.1 Introduction 352
12.2 Components in structural reliability 353
12.3 Outline of structural reliability theory 355
12.4 Structural systems reliability 357
12.5 General approach 360
12.6 Deteriorating structures 362
12.7 Conclusion 362
12.8 References 362
Part V Inspection and maintenance
13 Inspection of aged ships and offshore structures 367
C M RI Z Z O , University of Genova, Italy
13.1 Reasons for inspections 367
13.2 The inspection event 368
13.3 Current inspection practices 375
13.4 Detection and sizing methods 382
13.5 Structural monitoring 401
13.6 Acknowledgements 403
13.7 References 404
14 Inspection of aged land-based structures 407
A V A N G R I E K E N , Connell Wagner Pty Ltd, Australia
14.1 Introduction 407
Contents ix
© 2008 Woodhead Publishing Limited
14.2 Six reasons for assessment 408
14.3 Assessment outcome and sequence 410
14.4 Concrete structures 410
14.5 Masonry structures 416
14.6 Steel structures 424
14.7 References 429
15 Maintenance of aged ships and offshore structures 430
C M RI Z Z O , University of Genova, Italy
15.1 Maintenance strategies 430
15.2 Current maintenance and repair practices 439
15.3 Temporary repairs 442
15.4 Permanent repairs 448
15.5 Examination and testing of repairs 455
15.6 Acknowledgements 457
15.7 References 457
16 Maintenance of aged land-based structures 459
A V A N G R I E K E N , Connell Wagner Pty Ltd, Australia
16.1 A structured approach 459
16.2 Key considerations 460
16.3 Documentation 462
16.4 Site phase of the works 464
16.5 Repair and protection of concrete structures 464
16.6 Brick growth repairs 483
16.7 Repair of metal structures 484
16.8 References 485
17 Risk-based inspection and maintenance of
aged structures 487
C S E R R A T E L L A , G WA N G and K T I K K A , American
Bureau of Shipping (ABS), USA
17.1 Introduction 487
17.2 Risk-based approaches 489
17.3 Fundamentals of risk-based approaches 495
17.4 Risk-based inspection (RBI) 502
17.5 Risk-based maintenance (RBM) 514
17.6 Risk-based repairs (RBR) 515
17.7 Future trends 516
17.8 References and bibliography 517
x Contents
© 2008 Woodhead Publishing Limited
(* = main contact)
Editors
Professor Jeom Kee Paik
LRET Research Centre of Excellence
Department of Naval Architecture
and Ocean Engineering
Pusan National University
30 Jangjeon-Dong
Gumjeong-Gu
Busan 609-735
Korea
E-mail: [email protected]
Professor Robert E. Melchers
Centre for Infrastructure Performance
and Reliability
The University of Newcastle
Callaghan 2308
NSW
Australia
E-mail:
Chapter 1
Ge Wang,* Chris Serratella, Sameer
Kalghatgi
American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)
ABS Plaza
16855 Northchase Drive
Houston, TX 77060-6008
USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 2
Dr Inge Lotsberg
Department for Offshore Structures
Det Norske Veritas (DNV)
Veritasveien 1
N 1322 Hùvik
Norway
E-mail: [email protected]
Chapters 3, 14 and 16
Albert N. van Grieken
Connell Wagner Pty Ltd
PO Box 321
South Melbourne
Victoria
Australia
E-mail: [email protected]
Contributor contact details
© 2008 Woodhead Publishing Limited
Chapters 4 and 12
Professor Robert E. Melchers
Centre for Infrastructure Performance
and Reliability
The University of Newcastle
Callaghan 2308
NSW
Australia
E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 5
Professor Cui Weicheng
China Ship Scientific Research
Center
Wuxi 214082
China
E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 6
Norio Yamamoto
Research Institute of Nippon Kaiji
Kyokai (ClassNK)
1-8-3 Ohnodai, Midori-Ku
Chiba 267-0056
Japan
E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 7
Tatsuro Nakai
Steel Products Research Lab I
Steel Research Laboratories
Nippon Steel Corporation
20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu-city
Chiba 293-8511
Japan
E-mail: [email protected]
Norio Yamamoto*
Research Institute of Nippon Kaiji
Kyokai (ClassNK)
1-8-3 Ohnodai, Midori-Ku
Chiba 267-0056
Japan
E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 8
F. Wang and Professor Cui
Weicheng*
China Ship Scientific Research
Center
Wuxi 214082
China
E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 9
Professor Jeom Kee Paik
LRET Research Centre of Excellence
Department of Naval Architecture
and Ocean Engineering
Pusan National University
30 Jangjeon-Dong
Gumjeong-Gu
Busan 609-735
Korea
E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 10
Professor Yordan Garbatov* and
Professor C. Guedes Soares
Centre for Marine Technology and
Engineering
Technical University of Lisbon
Instituto Superior Tecnico
Pavilho Central
Av. Rovisco Pais
1049-001 Lisboa
Portugal
E-mail:
Chapter 11
Professor Torgeir Moan
Norwegian University of Science and
Technology (NTNU)
7491 Trondheim
Norway
E-mail: [email protected]
xii Contributor contact details
© 2008 Woodhead Publishing Limited
Chapters 13 and 15
Dr Cesare Mario Rizzo
University of Genova
Dept. of Naval Architecture and
Marine Technologies (DINAV)
Via Montallegro 1
I-16145 Genova
Italy
E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 17
Chris Serratella,* Ge Wang, K. Tikka
American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)
ABS Plaza
16855 Northchase Drive
Houston, TX 77060-6008
USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Contributor contact details xiii
© 2008 Woodhead Publishing Limited
Infrastructure, including ships, offshore and land-based structures, increasingly
is required to perform for longer, at higher levels of intensity and with lower
operational costs. It is also subject to age-related deterioration. Together these
potentially conflicting requirements may raise significant issues in terms of
safety, health, the environment, and financial expenditure. Indeed, deterioration
appears to have been involved in many structural failures, contributing to the
safety or performance failure of individual structural components or entire
infrastructure systems.
Optimal management of infrastructure assets and their continued integrity is
increasingly of interest, world-wide. High-quality asset integrity management
requires refined strategies: for condition assessment; for appropriate, timely and
sufficiently accurate assessment and inspection; and for suitable maintenance
technology, techniques and approaches. These activities are required throughout
the service life of the infrastructure system to assure that the infrastructure
remains fit for service, with the involvement of repairs, replacements,
adjustments and modifications as necessary.
This book is a single source of information on structural condition assessment
for marine and land-based structures such as ships, offshore installations,
industrial plant and buildings. Topics covered include current practices and
standards for structural condition assessment, fundamental mechanisms and
advanced mathematical methods for predicting structural deterioration, residual
strength assessment of deteriorated structures, inspection and maintenance of
aged structures, and reliability and risk assessment of aged structures.
condition assessment of ageing structures such as ships, floating offshore
structures, fixed-type offshore structures and land-based structures. Part II
presents mechanisms, mathematical models and preventive/corrective measures
for age-related deterioration. Part III describes residual strength of structures
with age-related damage such as corrosion wastage, cracking damage and
denting. Part IV describes reliability of ship structures, offshore structures and
land-based structures with age-related deterioration. Part V presents
Preface
© 2008 Woodhead Publishing Limited
The book is composed of five parts. Part I describes current practices in