Communication systems : an introduction to signals and noise in electrical communication

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

An Introduction to Signals and Noise

in Electrical Communication

FIFTH EDITION

A. Bruce Carlson

Late of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Paul B. Crilly

University of Tennessee

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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: AN INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALS AND NOISE IN ELECTRICAL

COMMUNICATION, FIFTH EDITION

Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the

Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights

reserved. Previous editions © 2002, 1986, and 1975. No part of this publication may be reproduced or

distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior

written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or

other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the

United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 9

ISBN 978–0–07–338040–7

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Carlson, A. Bruce, 1937–

Communication systems : an introduction to signals and noise in electrical communication /

A. Bruce Carlson, Paul B. Crilly.—5th ed.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978–0–07–338040–7—ISBN 0–07–338040–7 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Signal theory

(Telecommunication) 2. Modulation (Electronics) 3. Digital communications. I. Crilly, Paul B. II. Title.

TK5102.5.C3 2010

621.382 ' 23—dc22

2008049008

www.mhhe.com

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To my wife and best friend,

Alice Kathleen Eiland Crilly

To my parents,

Lois Brown Crilly and Ira Benjamin Crilly

To my grandmother,

Harriet Wilson Crilly

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Contents

The numbers in parentheses after section titles identify previous sections that contain the minimum prerequisite

material.

Chapter 1

Introduction 1

1.1 Elements and Limitations

of Communication Systems 2

Information, Messages, and Signals 2

Elements of a Communication System 3

Fundamental Limitations 5

1.2 Modulation and Coding 6

Modulation Methods 6

Modulation Benefits and Applications 8

Coding Methods and Benefits 11

1.3 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Over

Wireless Channels 12

RF Wave Deflection 14

Skywave Propagation 14

1.4 Emerging Developments 17

1.5 Societal Impact and Historical

Perspective 20

Historical Perspective 21

1.6 Prospectus 24

Chapter 2

Signals and Spectra 27

2.1 Line Spectra and Fourier Series 29

Phasors and Line Spectra 29

Periodic Signals and Average Power 33

Fourier Series 35

Convergence Conditions and Gibbs

Phenomenon 39

Parseval’s Power Theorem 42

2.2 Fourier Transforms and Continuous Spectra

(2.1) 43

Fourier Transforms 43

Symmetric and Causal Signals 47

Rayleigh’s Energy Theorem 50

Duality Theorem 52

Transform Calculations 54

2.3 Time and Frequency Relations (2.2) 54

Superposition 55

Time Delay and Scale Change 55

Frequency Translation and Modulation 58

Differentiation and Integration 60

2.4 Convolution (2.3) 62

Convolution Integral 63

Convolution Theorems 65

2.5 Impulses and Transforms

in the Limit (2.4) 68

Properties of the Unit Impulse 68

Impulses in Frequency 71

Step and Signum Functions 74

Impulses in Time 76

2.6 Discrete Time Signals and the Discrete

Fourier Transform 80

Convolution Using the DFT (2.4) 83

Chapter 3

Signal Transmission and Filtering 91

3.1 Response of LTI Systems (2.4) 92

Impulse Response and the Superposition

Integral 93

Transfer Functions and Frequency

Response 96

Block-Diagram Analysis 102

3.2 Signal Distortion in Transmission

(3.1) 105

Distortionless Transmission 105

Linear Distortion 107

Equalization 110

Nonlinear Distortion and Companding 113

3.3 Transmission Loss and Decibels (3.2) 116

Power Gain 116

Transmission Loss and Repeaters 118

Fiber Optics 119

Radio Transmission 122

3.4 Filters and Filtering (3.3) 126

Ideal Filters 126

Bandlimiting and Timelimiting 128

Real Filters 129

Pulse Response and Risetime 134

3.5 Quadrature Filters and Hilbert

Transforms (3.4) 138

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3.6 Correlation and Spectral Density (3.4) 141

Correlation of Power Signals 141

Correlation of Energy Signals 145

Spectral Density Functions 147

Chapter 4

Linear CW Modulation 161

4.1 Bandpass Signals and Systems (3.4) 162

Analog Message Conventions 162

Bandpass Signals 164

Bandpass Transmission 168

Bandwidth 172

4.2 Double-Sideband Amplitude

Modulation (4.1) 173

AM Signals and Spectra 173

DSB Signals and Spectra 176

Tone Modulation and Phasor Analysis 178

4.3 Modulators and Transmitters (4.2) 179

Product Modulators 180

Square-Law and Balanced Modulators 180

Switching Modulators 184

4.4 Suppressed-Sideband Amplitude

Modulation (3.5, 4.3) 185

SSB Signals and Spectra 185

SSB Generation 188

VSB Signals and Spectra 191

4.5 Frequency Conversion and

Demodulation (4.4) 193

Frequency Conversion 194

Synchronous Detection 195

Envelope Detection 198

Chapter 5

Angle CW Modulation 207

5.1 Phase and Frequency Modulation

(4.3) 208

PM and FM Signals 208

Narrowband PM and FM 212

Tone Modulation 213

Multitone and Periodic Modulation 220

5.2 Transmission Bandwidth and

Distortion (5.1) 223

Transmission Bandwidth Estimates 223

Linear Distortion 226

Nonlinear Distortion and Limiters 229

5.3 Generation and Detection of FM and

PM (4.5, 5.2) 232

Direct FM and VCOs 233

Phase Modulators and Indirect FM 234

Triangular-Wave FM 237

Frequency Detection 239

5.4 Interference (5.3) 243

Interfering Sinusoids 243

Deemphasis and Preemphasis Filtering 245

FM Capture Effect 247

Chapter 6

Sampling and Pulse Modulation 257

6.1 Sampling Theory and Practice

(2.6, 4.2) 258

Chopper Sampling 258

Ideal Sampling and Reconstruction 263

Practical Sampling and Aliasing 266

6.2 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (6.1) 272

Flat-Top Sampling and PAM 272

6.3 Pulse-Time Modulation (6.2) 275

Pulse-Duration and Pulse-Position

Modulation 275

PPM Spectral Analysis 278

Chapter 7

Analog Communication Systems 287

7.1 Receivers for CW Modulation

(2.6, 4.5, 5.3) 288

Superheterodyne Receivers 288

Direct Conversion Receivers 292

Special-Purpose Receivers 293

Receiver Specifications 294

Scanning Spectrum Analyzers 295

7.2 Multiplexing Systems (4.5, 6.1) 297

Frequency-Division Multiplexing 297

Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 302

Time-Division Multiplexing 303

Crosstalk and Guard Times 307

Comparison of TDM and FDM 309

7.3 Phase-Locked Loops (7.1) 311

PLL Operation and Lock-In 311

Synchronous Detection and Frequency

Synthesizers 314

Linearized PLL Models and FM

Detection 317

7.4 Television Systems (7.1) 319

Video Signals, Resolution, and Bandwidth 319

Monochrome Transmitters and Receivers 324

Color Television 327

HDTV 332

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vi Contents

Chapter 8

Probability and Random Variables 345

8.1 Probability and Sample Space 346

Probabilities and Events 346

Sample Space and Probability Theory 347

Conditional Probability and Statistical

Independence 351

8.2 Random Variables and Probability

Functions (8.1) 354

Discrete Random Variables and CDFs 355

Continuous Random Variables and PDFs 358

Transformations of Random Variables 361

Joint and Conditional PDFs 363

8.3 Statistical Averages (2.3, 8.2) 365

Means, Moments, and Expectation 365

Standard Deviation and Chebyshev’s

Inequality 366

Multivariate Expectations 368

Characteristic Functions 370

8.4 Probability Models (8.3) 371

Binomial Distribution 371

Poisson Distribution 373

Gaussian PDF 374

Rayleigh PDF 376

Bivariate Gaussian Distribution 378

Central Limit Theorem 379

Chapter 9

Random Signals and Noise 391

9.1 Random Processes (3.6, 8.4) 392

Ensemble Averages and Correlation

Functions 393

Ergodic and Stationary Processes 397

Gaussian Processes 402

9.2 Random Signals (9.1) 403

Power Spectrum 403

Superposition and Modulation 408

Filtered Random Signals 409

9.3 Noise (9.2) 412

Thermal Noise and Available Power 413

White Noise and Filtered Noise 416

Noise Equivalent Bandwidth 419

System Measurements Using White Noise 421

9.4 Baseband Signal Transmission With

Noise (9.3) 422

Additive Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratios 422

Analog Signal Transmission 424

9.5 Baseband Pulse Transmission With

Noise (9.4) 427

Pulse Measurements in Noise 427

Pulse Detection and Matched

Filters 429

Chapter 10

Noise in Analog Modulation

Systems 439

10.1 Bandpass Noise (4.4, 9.2) 440

System Models 441

Quadrature Components 443

Envelope and Phase 445

Correlation Functions 446

10.2 Linear CW Modulation With

Noise (10.2) 448

Synchronous Detection 449

Envelope Detection and Threshold Effect 451

10.3 Angle CW Modulation With Noise

(5.3, 10.2) 454

Postdetection Noise 454

Destination S/N 458

FM Threshold Effect 460

Threshold Extension by FM Feedback

Detection 463

10.4 Comparison of CW Modulation Systems

(9.4, 10.3) 464

10.5 Phase-Locked Loop Noise Performance

(7.3, 10.1) 467

10.6 Analog Pulse Modulation With Noise

(6.3, 9.5) 468

Signal-to-Noise Ratios 468

False-Pulse Threshold Effect 471

Chapter 11

Baseband Digital Transmission 479

11.1 Digital Signals and Systems (9.1) 481

Digital PAM Signals 481

Transmission Limitations 484

Power Spectra of Digital PAM 487

Spectral Shaping by Precoding 490

11.2 Noise and Errors (9.4, 11.1) 491

Binary Error Probabilities 492

Regenerative Repeaters 496

Matched Filtering 498

Correlation Detector 501

M-ary Error Probabilities 502

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11.3 Bandlimited Digital PAM

Systems (11.2) 506

Nyquist Pulse Shaping 506

Optimum Terminal Filters 509

Equalization 513

Correlative Coding 517

11.4 Synchronization Techniques (11.2) 523

Bit Synchronization 524

Scramblers and PN Sequence Generators 526

Frame Synchronization 531

Chapter 12

Digitization Techniques for Analog

Messages and Computer

Networks 543

12.1 Pulse-Code Modulation (6.2, 11.1) 544

PCM Generation and Reconstruction 545

Quantization Noise 548

Nonuniform Quantizing and Companding 550

12.2 PCM With Noise (11.2, 12.1) 554

Decoding Noise 555

Error Threshold 557

PCM Versus Analog Modulation 557

12.3 Delta Modulation and Predictive

Coding (12.2) 559

Delta Modulation 560

Delta-Sigma Modulation 565

Adaptive Delta Modulation 566

Differential PCM 567

LPC Speech Synthesis 569

12.4 Digital Audio Recording (12.3) 571

CD Recording 571

CD Playback 574

12.5 Digital Multiplexing (12.1, 9.2) 575

Multiplexers and Hierarchies 575

Digital Subscriber Lines 579

Synchronous Optical Network 580

Data Multiplexers 582

Chapter 13

Channel Coding 591

13.1 Error Detection and Correction (11.2) 592

Repetition and Parity-Check Codes 592

Interleaving 595

Code Vectors and Hamming Distance 595

Forward Error-Correction (FEC) Systems 597

ARQ Systems 600

13.2 Linear Block Codes (13.1) 604

Matrix Representation of Block Codes 604

Syndrome Decoding 608

Cyclic Codes 611

M-ary Codes 616

13.3 Convolutional Codes (13.2) 617

Convolutional Encoding 617

Free Distance and Coding Gain 623

Decoding Methods 629

Turbo Codes 635

Chapter 14

Bandpass Digital Transmission 647

14.1 Digital CW Modulation

(4.5, 5.1, 11.1) 648

Spectral Analysis of Bandpass Digital

Signals 649

Amplitude Modulation Methods 650

Phase Modulation Methods 653

Frequency Modulation Methods 655

Minimum-Shift Keying (MSK) and

Gaussian-Filtered MSK 658

14.2 Coherent Binary Systems

(11.2, 14.1) 663

Optimum Binary Detection 663

Coherent OOK, BPSK, and FSK 668

Timing and Synchronization 670

Interference 671

14.3 Noncoherent Binary Systems

(14.2) 673

Envelope of a Sinusoid Plus Bandpass

Noise 673

Noncoherent OOK 674

Noncoherent FSK 677

Differentially Coherent PSK 679

14.4 Quadrature-Carrier and M-ary

Systems (14.2) 682

Quadrature-Carrier Systems 682

M-ary PSK Systems 685

M-ary QAM Systems 689

M-ary FSK Systems 690

Comparison of Digital Modulation

Systems 692

14.5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

(OFDM) (14.4, 7.2, 2.6) 696

Generating OFDM Using the Inverse Discrete

Fourier Transform 697

Channel Response and Cyclic Extensions 700

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viii Contents

14.6 Trellis-Coded Modulation (13.3, 14.4) 703

TCM Basics 704

Hard Versus Soft Decisions 712

Modems 712

Chapter 15

Spread-Spectrum Systems 721

15.1 Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum

(14.2) 723

DSSS Signals 723

DSSS Performance in Presence of

Interference 726

Multiple Access 728

Multipath and the Rake Receiver 729

15.2 Frequency-Hopping Spread-Spectrum

(15.1) 733

FHSS Signals 733

FHSS Performance in the Presence of

Interference 735

Other SS Systems 737

15.3 Coding (15.1, 11.4) 738

15.4 Synchronization (7.3) 743

Acquisition 743

Tracking 745

15.5 Wireless Systems (15.2, 3.3, 14.5) 746

Telephone Systems 746

Wireless Networks 751

15.6 Ultra-Wideband Systems (6.3, 15.1) 754

UWB Signals 754

Coding Techniques 756

Transmit-Reference System 758

Multiple Access 759

Comparison With Direct-Sequence Spread￾Spectrum 760

Chapter 16

Information and Detection

Theory 767

16.1 Information Measure and Source

Encoding (12.1) 769

Information Measure 769

Entropy and Information Rate 771

Coding for a Discrete Memoryless Channel 774

Predictive Coding for Sources With Memory 778

16.2 Information Transmission on Discrete

Channels (16.1) 782

Mutual Information 782

Discrete Channel Capacity 786

Coding for the Binary Symmetric

Channel 788

16.3 Continuous Channels and System

Comparisons (16.2) 791

Continuous Information 791

Continuous Channel Capacity 794

Ideal Communication Systems 796

System Comparisons 799

16.4 Signal Space 803

Signals as Vectors 803

The Gram-Schmidt Procedure 806

16.5 Optimum Digital Detection

(16.3, 16.4) 808

Optimum Detection and MAP Receivers 809

Error Probabilities 815

Signal Selection and Orthogonal

Signaling 818

Appendix: Circuit and System

Noise (9.4) 827

Circuit and Device Noise 828

Amplifier Noise 835

System Noise Calculations 840

Cable Repeater Systems 844

Tables 847

T.1 Fourier Transforms 847

T.2 Fourier Series 849

T.3 Mathematical Relations 851

T.4 The Sinc Function 854

T.5 Probability Functions 855

T.6 Gaussian Probabilities 857

T.7 Glossary of Notation 859

Solutions to Exercises 861

Answers to Selected Problems 904

Index 911

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Preface

ix

This text, like its previous four editions, is an introduction to communication sys￾tems written at a level appropriate for advanced undergraduates and first-year gradu￾ate students in electrical or computer engineering.

An initial study of signal transmission and the inherent limitations of physical

systems establishes unifying concepts of communication. Attention is then given to

analog communication systems, random signals and noise, digital systems, and

information theory.

Mathematical techniques and models necessarily play an important role

throughout the book, but always in the engineering context as means to an end.

Numerous applications have been incorporated for their practical significance and as

illustrations of concepts and design strategies. Some hardware considerations are

also included to justify various communication methods, to stimulate interest, and to

bring out connections with other branches of the field.

PREREQUISITE BACKGROUND

The assumed background is equivalent to the first two or three years of an electrical

or computer engineering curriculum. Essential prerequisites are differential equa￾tions, steady-state and transient circuit analysis, and a first course in electronics. Stu￾dents should also have some familiarity with operational amplifiers, digital logic,

and matrix notation. Helpful but not required are prior exposure to linear systems

analysis, Fourier transforms, and probability theory.

CONTENTS AND ORGANIZATION

New features of this fifth edition include (a) the addition of MATLAB† examples,

exercises and problems that are available on the book’s website, www.mhhe.com/

carlsoncrilly; (b) new end-of-chapter conceptual questions to reinforce the theory,

provide practical application to what has been covered, and add to the students’

problem-solving skills; (c) expanded coverage of wireless communications and an

introduction to radio wave propagation that enables the reader to better appreciate the

challenges of wireless systems; (d) expanded coverage of digital modulation systems

such as the addition of orthogonal frequency division modulation and ultra wideband

systems; (e) expanded coverage of spread spectrum; (f) a discussion of wireless net￾works; and (g) an easy-to-reference list of abbreviations and mathematical symbols.

Following an updated introductory chapter, this text has two chapters dealing

with basic tools. These tools are then applied in the next four chapters to analog com￾munication systems, including sampling and pulse modulation. Probability, random

signals, and noise are introduced in the following three chapters and applied to analog

systems. An appendix separately covers circuit and system noise. The remaining

†

MATLAB is a registered trademark of MathWorks Inc.

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x Preface

six chapters are devoted to digital communication and information theory, which

require some knowledge of random signals and include coded pulse modulation.

All sixteen chapters can be presented in a yearlong undergraduate course with

minimum prerequisites. Or a one-term undergraduate course on analog communica￾tion might consist of material in the first seven chapters. If linear systems and prob￾ability theory are covered in prerequisite courses, then most of the last eight chapters

can be included in a one-term senior/graduate course devoted primarily to digital

communication.

The modular chapter structure allows considerable latitude for other formats.

As a guide to topic selection, the table of contents indicates the minimum prerequi￾sites for each chapter section.

INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS

Each chapter after the first one includes a list of instructional objectives to guide stu￾dent study. Subsequent chapters also contain several examples and exercises. The

exercises are designed to help students master their grasp of new material presented

in the text, and exercise solutions are given at the back. The examples have been cho￾sen to illuminate concepts and techniques that students often find troublesome.

Problems at the ends of chapters are numbered by text section. They range from

basic manipulations and computations to more advanced analysis and design tasks.

A manual of problem solutions is available to instructors from the publisher.

Several typographical devices have been incorporated to serve as aids for

students. Specifically,

• Technical terms are printed in boldface type when they first appear.

• Important concepts and theorems that do not involve equations are printed

inside boxes.

• Asterisks (*) after problem numbers indicate that answers are provided at the

back of the book.

• The symbol ‡ identifies the more challenging problems.

Tables at the back of the book include transform pairs, mathematical relations,

and probability functions for convenient reference.

Communication system engineers use many abbreviations, so in addition to the

index, there is a section that lists common abbreviations. Also included is a list of the

more commonly used mathematical symbols.

Online Resources

The website that accompanies this text can be found at www.mhhe.com/carlsoncrilly

and features new MATLAB problems as well as material on computer networks

(TCP/IP) and data encryption. The website also includes an annotated bibliography

in the form of a supplementary reading list and the list of references. The complete

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Preface xi

solutions manual, PowerPoint lecture notes, and image library are available online

for instructors. Contact your sales representative for additional information on the

website.

Electronic Textbook Options

This text is offered through CourseSmart for both instructors and students. Course￾Smart is an online resource where students can purchase the complete text online at

almost half the cost of a traditional text. Purchasing the eTextbook allows students to

take advantage of CourseSmart’s web tools for learning, which include full text

search, notes and highlighting, and email tools for sharing notes between classmates.

To learn more about CourseSmart options, contact your sales representative or visit

www.CourseSmart.com.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to the many people who contributed to previous editions. I want to

thank Professors Marshall Pace, Seddick Djouadi, and Aly Fathy for their feedback

and the use of their libraries; the University of Tennessee Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science Department for support; Ms. Judy Evans, Ms. Dana Bryson,

Messrs. Robert Armistead, Jerry Davis, Matthew Smith, and Tobias Mueller for their

assistance in manuscript preparation.

Thanks, too, for the wonderful feedback from our reviewers: Ali Abdi, New

Jersey Institute of Technology; Venkatachalam Anantharam, University of

California–Berkeley; Nagwa Bekir, California State University–Northridge; Deva

K. Borah, New Mexico State University; Sohail Dianat, Rochester Institute of

Technology; David C. Farden, North Dakota State University; Raghvendra Gejji,

Western Michigan University; Christoforos Hadjicostis, University of Illinois;

Dr. James Kang, California State Polytechnic University–Pomona; K.R. Rao,

University of Texas at Arlington; Jitendra K. Tugnait, Auburn University.

Thanks go to my friends Ms. Anissa Davis, Mrs. Alice LaFoy and Drs. Stephen

Derby, Samir ElGhazaly, Walter Green, Melissa Meyer, and John Sahr for their

encouragement; to my brother Peter Crilly for his encouragement; and to my children

Margaret, Meredith, Benjamin, and Nathan Crilly for their support and sense of

humor. Special thanks go to Dr. Stephen Smith of Oak Ridge National Laboratory

for the many hours he spent reviewing the manuscript. I also want to thank Dr.

Lonnie Ludeman, who as a role model demonstrated to me what a professor should

be. Finally, I am indebted to the late A. Bruce Carlson, who created within me the

desire and enthusiasm to continue my education and pursue graduate study in com￾munication systems.

Paul B. Crilly

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List of Abbreviations

1
EV-DO evolution data optimized one time

1G, 2G, 3G first-, second- and third-generation wireless phones

3GPP third-generation partnership project

AC alternating current

ACK positive acknowledgment

ADC analog-to-digital converter

ADSL asynchronous DSL

AFC automatic frequency control

AGC automatic gain control

AM amplitude modulation

AMI alternate mark inversion

AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service

APK amplitude-phase shift keying

ARQ automatic repeat request

ASK amplitude-shift keying

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

AVC automatic volume control

AWGN additive white gaussian noise

BER bit error rate or bit error probability

BJT bipolar junction transistor

BPF bandpass filter

BPSK binary PSK

BSC binary symmetric channel

CCD charge-coupled devices

CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee

CCIT International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee of the

Internationals Union

CD compact disc

CDF cumulative distribution function

CDMA code-division multiple access

CIRC cross-interleave Reed-Solomon error control code

CNR carrier-to-noise ratio

CPFSK continuous-phase FSK

CPS chips

CRC cyclic redundancy code or cyclic reduncancy check

CSMA carrier sense multiple access

CVSDM continuously variable slope delta modulation

CW continuous-wave

DAC digital-to-analog converter

dB decibels

dBm decibel milliwatts

dBW decibel watts

DC direct current, or direct conversion (receiver)

xii

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List of Abbreviations xiii

DCT discrete cosine transform

DDS direct digital synthesis

DFT discrete Fourier transform

DLL delay-locked loop

DM delta modulation

DPCM differential pulse-code modulation

DPSK differentially coherent PSK

DSB or DSB-SC double-sideband-suppressed carrier modulation

DSL digital subscriber line

DSM delta-sigma modulator

DSP digital signal processing or digital signal processor

DSSS or DSS direct-sequence spread-spectrum

DTV digital TV

EIRP effective isotropic radiated power

EV-DV evolution, data, and voice

FCC Federal Communications Commission (USA)

FDD frequency-division duplex

FDM frequency-division multiplexing

FDMA frequency-division multiple access

FDX full duplex

FEC forward error correction

FET field effect transistor

FFT fast Fourier transform

FHSS frequency-hopping spread-spectrum

FM frequency modulation

FOH first order hold

FSK frequency-shift keying

GMSK gaussian filtered MSK

GPRS general packet radio system

GPS global positioning system

GSM Group Special Mobile, or Global System for Mobile

Communications

HDSL high bit rate DSL

HDX half duplex

HDTV high definition television

HPF highpass filter

Hz hertz

IDFT inverse discrete Fourier transform

IFFT inverse fast Fourier transform

IF intermediate frequency

IMT–2000 international mobile telecommunications–2000

IP internet protocol

IS-95 Interim Standard 95

ISDN integrated services digital network

ISI intersymbol interference

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xiv List of Abbreviations

ISM industrial, scientific, and medical

ISO International Standards Organization

ITU International Telecommunications Union

JFET junction field-effect transistor

kHz kilohertz

kW kilowatt

LAN local area network

LC inductor/capacitor resonant circuit

LO local oscillator

LOS line of sight

LPC linear predictive code

LPF lowpass filter

LSSB or LSB lower single-sideband modulation

LTI linear time-invariant systems

MA multiple access

MAI multiple access interference

MAP maximum a posteriori

MC multicarrier modulation

MHz megahertz

MMSE minimum means-squared error

modem modulator/demodulator

MPEG motion picture expert group

MSK minimum shift keying

MTSO mobile telephone switching office

MUF maximum useable frequency

MUX multiplexer

NAK negative acknowledgment

NAMPS narrowband advanced mobile phone service

NBFM narrowband frequency modulation

NBPM narrowband phase modulation

NET network

NF noise figure

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology

NRZ nonreturn-to-zero

NTSC National Television System Committee

OFDM orthogonal frequency multiplexing

OFDMA orthogonal frequency-division multiple access

OOK on-off keying

OQPSK offset quadrature phase shift keying

OSI open systems interconnection

PAM pulse-amplitude modulation

PAR peak-to-average ratio (power)

PCC parallel concatenated codes

PCM pulse-code modulation

PCS personal communications systems or services

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