CNC programming : principles and applications

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CNC

Programming

Prìndples and Âpplicữtìmm

M ichael w. Mattson

Clackamas Community College

Oregon City, OR

/ V DELMAR

CENGAGE Learning'

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • M exico • Singapore • Spain • U nited Kingdom • U nited States

/ V d e lm a r

t% CENGAGE Learning￾CNC Programming: Principles and

Applications

Michael w. Mattson

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ISBN-13: 978-1-4180-6099-2

ISBN-10:1-4180-6099-2

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4 5 XX 15 14

Preface

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Appendix A

Appendix B

Glossary

Index

Computer Numerical Control of Machine Tools

Measurement and Quality

The NC Programming Process

NC Materials, Tooling and Machining Processes

Tool and Workpiece Setup

Programming Concepts and Job Planning

Codes for Positioning and Milling

Basic Codes to Control Machine Functions

HoLe-Making Cycles

Tool Radius Compensation

Advanced Programming Concepts

Lathe Programming

CAD/CAM

Mathematics for NC Programming

G & M Code Reference

Reference Information

2

36

72

88

126

144

174

210

224

246

274

294

322

338

370

373

386

viii

391

i i i

Table jp fi C tf nt en t s

■

CHAPTER 1

Computer Numerical Control of

Machine Tools

1.1 Introduction to Machine Tools 3

The Rise ofCNC 4, Energy to Power the

Industrial Economy 6

1.2 Automatically Controlling die Movements

of a Machine Tool 8

1.3 Common Types of CNC Machine Tools 10

Milling Machines 10, Lathes 14, Grinders 16,

Electrical Discharge Machining 16, CNC for

Precision Metal Fabrication: Lasers, Plasma,

etc. 17, CNC Routers 18, Rapid Prototyping 20,

Common Rapid Prototyping Technologies 20

1.4 Systems View of CNC 21

Control System 21, Drive System 23, Feedback

System 26, The CNC System 30

1.5 A Standardized Programming Language 31

1.6 Career Paứis in Manufacturing 32

Chapter Summary 34

Chapter Questions 34

CHAPTER 2__________

Measurement and Quality 36

2.1 Measurement Taken for Granted 37

2.2 Units of Linear Measurement 38

2.3 Common Linear Units 38

2.4 Precision Measuring Tools 40

2.5 Reading Measuring Tools 40

Tape Measures and Rules 40, Caliper 42,

Micrometer 43, How to Read a Standard

Micrometer 43, Metric Micrometers 46, Dial Test

Indicator 46

2.6 Accuracy and Precision 49

Resolution 51y “Rule of Ten” 51

2.7 Dimensions and Prints Reading 51

Blueprint Basics 51, Orthographic and

Isometric Projection 52, Hidden Lines and

Sections 53, Title Block and Notes 53,

Dimensions and Tolerances 55, The Art and Skill

of Drafting 56

2.8 Statistics and Quality Control 57

Descriptive Statistics 57, Statistical Process

Control (SPC) 60, Using a Small Sample to Judge

a Group 61

2.9 The Evolution of Lean Manufacturing 64

What Is Lean Manufacturing? 65

Chapter Summary 68

Bring It Home 68

Extra Mile 69

CHAPTER 3

The NC Programming Process 72

3.1 Writing an NC Part Program 73

Offline Programming on a Desktop PC 76

3.2 Testing and Debugging 78

3.3 Transferring the Program to tíie Machine Tool 80

3.4 Proving die NC Program on the Machine Tool 81

Steps in Program Proving 81, Testing Modes 82,

The First Cut 83, Program and Setup

Checklist 84

3.5 CNC Safety 84

Chapter Summary 86

Bring It Home 86

Extra Mile 87

CHAPTER 4

NC Materials, Tooling and

Machining Processes

4.1 CNC and Manufacturing Processes 89

4.2 The Basic Machining Operations 90

Milling 90, Turning 91, Drilling and

Reaming 91, Boring 92, Tapping 92

8 8

i V

4.3 Material Considerations 93

Typical Characteristics and Uses ofMateriab 94,

Material Condition 97, Machinability 99

4.4 Cutting Tools 99

Cutting Tool Materials 101, Insert

Identification 104, Exotic Tool Materiais 108,

Tool Coatings 108

4.5 Cutting Tools for Milling 109

End Mills 109, ỉnsert-tooth Cutting Tools 111,

Spindle Style 112, spindle Tooling 113

4.6 Cutting Tools for Turning 115

Outside Diameter Turning Tools 115,

Boring Bars 116, Tool Holding Methods for

Turning 116

4.7 Cutting Tools for Hole Making 117

Drills and Reamers 117, Boring Head 118

4.8 Workholding Tooling 118

The Milling Vise 119, Clamping Devices 120,

Fixturing 121, Workholdingfor the CNC

Lathe 122

Chapter Summary 124

Bring It Home 124

Extra Mile 125

CHAPTER 5_______________

Tool and Workpiece Setup 126

5.1 The Cartesian Coordinate System 127

Coordinate System on the Workpiece 130, The

Role of Coordinates in NC Programming 130

5.2 Absolute Versus Incremental Coordinates 131

5.3 Polar Coordinates and Rotary Axes 132

5.4 Workpiece and Machine Offsets 133

5.5 The Z-Offset and Tool Lengths 135

Summary of Tool Touch-Ojf Methods 138

5.6 Tool Presetting 139

Chapter Summary 142

Bring It Home 142

CHAPTER 6

Programming Concepts and

Job Planning 144

6.1 Programming \viứi G & M Codes 145

6.2 Structure of an NC Part Program 146

6.3 Words, Addresses, and Numbers 148

6.4 Modal and Non-Modal Codes 149

6.5 Programming Grammar 150

Grammar and Readability 153

6.6 More on ứie Safe Line 154

Safety Resets 154, Setup Parameters 154

6.7 Program Annotation and Setup Sheets 155

6.8 Planning a CNC Machining Job 157

Study the Workpiece Drawing 158, Plan the

Operations and Setups 158

6.9 Workholding and Locating Principles 160

The 3-2-1 Locating Principle in Theory 161,

The 3-2-1 Principle in Practice 163, Preparation

and Mounting 164

6.10 Selecting the Work Zero 166

6.11 Planning the Toolpath 169

Chapter Summary 172

Bring It Home 172

CHAPTER 7

Codes for Positioning

and MiUing 174

7.1 Conventions 175

7.2 Preparatory Codes 176

7.3 GOO—Rapid Traverse 176

7.4 GOl—Cutting Straight Lines 179

7.5 G02 & G03—Cutting Circular Arcs 182

Specifying the Arc Center with I and Ị 182, Arc

Centers in Absolute Coordinates 183, specifying

the Arc Center with R 184

7.6 Using Circular Interpolation 184

Using Circular Interpolation with a Radius

Value 187, Programming Arcs in Incremental

Coordinates 187, Limitations of Circular

Interpolation 191, Lead-in and Lead-out 193

7.7 G28—Return to Machine Home

Position 195

7.8 Program Examples 196

Programming Example 7-1 197, Programming

Example 7-2 198, Programming Example 7-3 200,

Programming Example 7-4 201, Programming

Example 7-5 203, Programming

Example 7-6 204

Chapter Summary 208

Bring It Home 208

Extra Mile 209

CHAPTER 8

Basic Codes to Control

Machine Functions 210

8.1 Understanding M-Codes 211

8.2 M06—Tool Changes 212

8.3 M03> M04, and M05—Turning the Spindle

On or Off 216

Contents

8.4 M07, M08, and M09—Coolant Control 217

8.5 M30 and M02—Ending a Program 218

8.6 MOO and MOl—Interrupting the Program

Execution 219

8.7 Block Delete (/) 220

8.8 Miscellaneous Functions 220

M19—Oriented spindle Stop 220, M97, M98,

and M99—Subprogram Control 221

Chapter Summary 222

Bring It Home 222

Extra Mile 223

Condition

Compensc

Diameter

10.3 Reference

10.4 ToolLoca

Tool Local

iitations of Automatic

, Programming with the Real

diameter 253

IS 255

Angular Toolpaths 257

tersecting Arcs and Angles 262

10.5 Tool Locauuii UII rladial Toolpaths 263

10.6 Programming Examples 266

Chapter Summary 270

Bring It Home 270

Extra Mile 271

CHAPTER 9

Hole-Making Cycles 224

9.1 Introducing the Canned Cycle 225

9.2 Drilling and Reaming Cycles 226

G81—Standard Drilling Cycle 226, Initial

Plane (G98) Versus Retract Plane

(G99) 227, Canned Cycles and Incremental

Programming 229, Point Depth Versus Full

Diameter Depth 229, G82—Drilling with

Dwell 232, G83—Peck Drilling 232, G73—Chip

Breaker 233

9.3 Tapping Cycles 233

G84—Standard Tapping Cycle 233, G74—Left￾handed Tapping Cycle 234

9.4 Boring Cycles 234

G85—Standard Boring Cycle 234, Boring Cycle

Variations 236, G76—Boring Cycle with spindle

Orientation 236

9.5 Looping 237

9.6 Programming Examples Using Canned

Cycles 238

Programming Example 9-1 238, Programming

Example 9-2 239, Programming

Example 9-3 240

Chapter Summary 244

Bring It Home 244

Extra Mile 245

CHAPTER 10_____________

Tool Radius Compensation 246

10.1 What is Tool Radius Compensation? 247

10.2 Automatic Tool Radius Compensation 247

Adjusting the Diameter offset 250, Example

of Adjusting Feature Size with Tool Radius

Compensation 251, Lead-In and Lead-Out

with Tool Radius Compensation 252, Error

CHAPTER 11

Advanced Programming

Concepts 274

11.1 Specifying a New Work Zero with G92 275

Using G92 275, Example 11-1 G92 Work Shift 277

11.2 GIO Command to Load Work and Tool

Offsets 278

11.3 Controlling Toolpath Transitions with Dwell

and Exact Stop 280

11.4 Automation with Subprograms (M98) and

Subroutines (M97) 281

Example 11-2 Subprogram Programming 283,

Example 11-3 Subprogram Programming 284

11.5 Macros with Functions and Variables 285

11.6 Programming with a Rotary Axis 287

Example 11-4 Fourth-Axis Programming 288,

Example 11-5 Fourth-Axis Programming 289

Chapter Summary 292

Bring It Home 292

Extra Mile 293

CHAPTER 12

Lathe Programming 294

12.1 Introduction to the CNC Turning Center 295

Programming Standards 295, Lathe Axes

Designation 295, Programming on the Diameter

or Radius? 296, spindle Rotation 296

12.2 Basic Turning Operations 296

OD Turning and Facing 296, Taper

Turning 298, ID Boring 299, Circular Arcs 299,

Definitions 300, Tool Nose Radius Compensation

(Cutter Compensation) 301, Tool Orientation 302

12.3 Turning Tool Setup 303

Zero Setting Tool 306, Second Turning Tool 306,

The Center Tool (Drill) 306, Alternate Methods

for Establishing X-Ojfsets 306, Tool Edge

vi Contents

or Tool Center 308, Limitations of Tool Tip

Programming 308

12.4 Common Canned Cycles 309

Threading 309, Drilling 311, Grooving 313,

Auto-Tuming Canned Cycles 314

12.5 Summary of Turning Codes 319

Chapter Summary 320

Bring It Home 320

Extra Mile 321

#

CHAPTER 13

CAD/CAM 322

13.1 Computer-Aided Anything (CAA) 323

13.2 What Is CAD/CAM Software? 323

13.3 Description of CAD/CAM Components and

Functions 324

CAD Module 324, CAM Module 326, Geometry

Versus Toolpath 327, NURBS Curves 329, Tool

and Material Libraries 330, Verification 330,

Post-Processor 330, Portability 330

13.4 Software Issues and Trends 331

cm 332, ERP/MRP 333, Other Classes of

Software 334

Chapter Summary 336

Bring It Home 336

Mathematics for

NC Programming 338

14.2 Essential Algebra 347

14.3 Unit Conversions 350

14.4 Geometry 351

Properties o f Intersecting Lines 351,

Tangency 352

14.5 Trigonometry 352

The Pythagorean Theorem—the Precursor

to Trigonometry 353, Right Triangle

Trigonometry 354, Definitions 355, Solving

an Unknown Angle 358, Oblique Triangle

Trigonometry 359, Definitions 359, The Law

of Sines 360, Definitions 362, The Law of

Cosines 362, Solving an Oblique Triangle 362

14.6 Illusttated Applications 364

Speeds and Feeds 364, Coolant to Add to a

Tank 364, Surface Finừh Conversions 365,

Inspecting an Angle 365, Center Distance for

Holes on an Angle 366

Chapter Summary 368

Bring It Home 368

APPENDIX A

G & M Code Reference

APPENDIX B

370

Reference Information

GLOSSARY

373

386

14.1 Basic Concepts: Speaking ứie Language 339

Equalities and Equations 339, Order of

Operations 341, Exponents and Radicals 342,

Operations with Exponents 345, Scientific

Notation 345

INDEX 391

Cont 0 nts vii

CE

C

NC Programming: Principles and Applications is a user-friendly guide for

those who are interested in computer-aided machining. This text is suitable

for beginning students in high school or technical college programs to learn

the fundamentals G & M code programming. CNC beginners will benefit from a

comprehensive introduction to machining processes, precision measurement, cut￾ting tools, lean manufacturing, quality control, and shop math.

Seasoned machinists will also find this an accessible resource for makmg

the transition from the concrete world of manual machine tools to the abstract

realm of CNC. Complete programming examples lead the learner through the

entire manufacturing process from planning through code writing and job setup.

Readers at all levels will appreciate the readability of this work.

CNC PROGRAMMING AND PROJECT LEAD THE WAY

The changes you see in this edition resulted from a partnership forged with Project

Lead the Way, Inc. in February 2006. As a non-profit foundation that develops

curriculum for engineering, Project Lead the Way, Inc. provides students with

the rigorous, relevant, reality-based knowledge they need to pursue education in

engineering or engineering technology.

The Project Lead The Way® curriculum developers strive to make math and

science relevant for students by building hands-on, real-world projects in each

course. To support Project Lead The Way’s® curriculum goals, and to support

all teachers who want to develop project/problem-based programs in engineering

and engineering technology, Delmar Cengage Learning is developing a complete

series of texts to complement all of Project Lead the Way’s® nine courses:

Gateway To Technology

Introduction To Engineering Design

Principles Of Engineering

Digital Electronics

Aerospace Engineering

Biotechnical Engineering

Civil Engineering and Architecture

Computer Integrated Manufacturing

Engineering Design and Development

To learn more about Project Lead The Way’s*^

school and high school, please visit www.pltw.org.

ongoing initiatives in middle

V i i i

HOW THIS TEXT WAS DEVELOPED

This series’ development began with a focus group that brought together teachers

and curriculum developers from a broad range of engineering disciplines. Two

important themes emerged from that discussion: (1) that teachers need a single

resource that fits the way they teach engineering today, and (2) that teachers want

an engaging, interactive resource to support project/problem-based learning.

CNC Programming: Principles and Applications supports project/problem￾based learning by:

► Creating an unconventional, show-don’t-tell pedagogy that is driven by engi￾neering concepts, not traditional textbook content. Concepts are mapped at

ứie beginning of each chapter, and clearly identified as students navigate the

chapter.

► Reinforcing major concepts with Applications, Projects, and Problems based

on real-world examples and systems.

► Providing a text rich in features designed to bring CIM technology to life in

the real world. Case studies, Career Profiles, and Boxed Articles highlighting

human achievements show students how engineers develop career pathways

and innovate to continuously improve products and processes.

► Reinforcing the text’s interactivity with an exciting design that invites students

to participate in a journey through the engineering design process.

KEY FEATURES OF THIS EDITION__________________

► Written in an easy-to-read, unintimidating style to promote faster learning

and more complete understanding.

► Complete examples and numerous illustrations connect well with visual￾spatial learners.

► Concise content provides appropriate depth of knowledge without a lot of

extraneous text.

► Comprehensive introduction to manufacturing makes CNC Programming

the only book beginning students will need.

This edition of CNC Programming: Principles and Applications provides

updated and expanded coverage of the following topics:

► Types of CNC machine tools

► New chapter on precision measurement and quality

► NC programming process

► NC tooling and machining processes

► Tool and workpiece setup

► Programming concepts and job planning

► Codes for positioning and milling

► New section on blueprint reading

Pr e f a c e ix

In addition, the new edition’s content, pedagogy, and design have been re-de￾veloped to complement and support the Project Lead the Way® CIM curriculum

and increase this text’s effectiveness for all learners. Look for these new features

throughout the text:

Programing Examples

Condensed Version

innaveiiiu'i

%

%

OŨ001 (M ill a Square) OOOOl

NIO G 20 G40 G 54 G80 G90 G98 G20

N 20 M06 T 03 (.25 EM) G 54G 80

N 30 G43 H03

T 3M5

N40 M03 S2 0

G40

N 50 goo X .5 Y .5

M3G90G 98 S2000

N 60 GOO Z .2

G43G00Y . 5X . 5H3

N80 G O l z-.l F5.0

G O Z .2

N90 GOl X .5 Y 1.5 FlO. G 1F 5 . 0 Z .1

N 10 Ũ GOl X I . 5 Y 1.5

X . 5Y . 5F1 0 .

N llO GOl X I . 5 Y .5 X I . 5

N 120 GOl X .5 Y .5 Y .5

N 130 GOl Z -2

X .5

N 1 4 Ũ GOO Z5.0 Z .2

N 150 GOO XŨ. Y 6 .Ũ

GOZ5.0

N 150 M05

X0 .Y 6.0

N 16 Ũ M30

M05

M30

FIGURE 2.3 The millimeter and centimeter are

compared with some more familiar elements.

- — 1 Inch — 0.95 Inch

1 - 1 1 cm

( ^ 1

1 1

1 mm

0

P re face

More than 120 new or

heavily revised graphics

show the latest technologies

and help students visualize

abstract concepts.

feedback loop:

Electronic signals that are

sent back to the control

Ị to indicate actual posi-

^ tion, velocity, or state

Ị of the machine tool. The

ị control will then compare

Ỉ the actual condition to the

‘ desired position and make

j adjustments.

iTt ’’‘slight

“ acts and points of

merest on the road to new

and better processes.

Btawse ft-lbfi«MOO s o o B a S ^ ife per seoaed «

So, a m=»« w ntm g airen id f b a d an day is •ptoAuias about l/8di o fii Iwrsepatw He wffl me

1980,000 ft-Ibs of e n a ^ in die process. Foot-pounds are a pretty smaH nunAer far measuring enengjr. so we

..«»nynseBTU.whiAs<a»idsforBriliAThemidUnit ABTOisequreAaitto77»ft-lbgofeneiHr-____

In the metric system, the unit for entxsf is file joule 1 BTU is about 1054 joules. For power ftiowCT

is energy divided h j time) the metric unit is watt One horsepower is about 748 watts, oddly eooDgh. Iiiy

Gennan engineering acquaintances tell me that European car e n ^ e s are stUl rated in horsepower. I guess it

just makes a better visual impression in the mind’s eye.

FossU fiiels are very en er^ dense. They contain huge amounts of energy for theừ mass. Crude oU contains

approiamately isg^ooo BTU per gallon and coal contains about 12.700 BTU per pound. A pound of coal can

do the work of five strong men for a day, at least in theory. The fact is that steam and internal combustion

engines are only about 10 to 30 percent efficient. You have to put a lot more energy in than you get out

Mmmrycle Design with Mastenam

T

he American Chopper TV show lets viewen look

over the shoulders of the designer and machin￾ists at Orange County Choppers (OCC) as they con￾ceive and build one-of-a-kind chopper motorcydes

and accessaries.

occ is veiy high tE d i. Thty re^ on the latest watajet

system capable of cuttiiig ttinnigh caamic, glass, even a

12-indi Mode of Steel with minimal heat and no distor￾tion of ttie nutniaL They use a mandtel tube bender to

create unique snaking exhaust systems without leaving

any ripples in the metaL Advanced OK uthes and m ilk

turn and cut these exotic and beautiful paib.

occ imports ib designs seamlessly from CAD files

into Mastercam and bansUtes them into manufactur￾ing programs. Mastocam itsetf has substantial design

capabilities and occ also creates unique parts within

the Mastercam graphic envfronment

In 2006, occ began expanding its manufacturing

caparity. The fiis t step was moving its bike manufac￾turing operations into a new 100,000 S(Ị. ft. fa c ili^

where it can produce selected bikes on a semiproduc￾tion basis. Lead Engineer Jim Quinn said that occ w ill

have to streamline its manufacturing procedures to

achieve output targets.

Jim and his staff w ill be using Mastercam to refine

or redesign tooling and fixtures for increased pro￾ductivity. For example, an adjustable jig designed in

Mastercam and used to fabriute aistom bikes w ill be

redesigned for production of lim ited-edition vehicles.

Tlie custom jig makes it passible to adjust the bike's

'rise* and 'stretch" to make each Wke's dimensions

propoitional to the measurements of the person who

w ill be riding it most often. It's a great timesaver in

building custom bikes.

'Once we are ready to make hundreds of bikes

with the same 'rake and ride' specifications, we

aừeady have that jig designed in Mastercam," said

Quinn. *!( w ill be quite easy to go bade f

cate the dimensions we need, take out

adjustability, and generate the CHC progi

our production jig .' The same concept a

other tooling and fixtures.

The old pUnt wiu become the CN(

shop, occ intends to "d ie n y-p id t' its custom part,

accessoiy, and wheel designs b> id e n tic ones that

would be most appealing to fens and manufacture

these on a production basis. 'Nasty Wheel," the

engraved Orange County Chopper logo air deaner

cover and the occ Dagger Shield coil cover w ill be

among the firs t

Mastercam wiu have a rental role in optiimzing part

nanufecturing productivity. The occ Dagger shield a

cover, tfie company's signature accessary, is a prime

example. It was designed in SolidWotte and imported

into Hasteram. Quinn said, 'Hastercam allovB me to

turn, manipulate, and move that pait into whatever

situation I need to hold a seaiiEly and machine it

effidentty. Because the work piece is already a rt to

near net shape with only Ught cuts required arounii the

perimeter of the shield; the part can be a it at tiighef

speed with less force for a faster production cyde and

better suiftce finish." Hasteram's 3D surfacing tool￾patỉi "is wonderfuL” The polishing they do to get parts

teady to chroming is veiy minimaL

Quinn said that the first couple times this part

was made on a prototype basis; the complete process

took about si* hours. Now after tweaking the various

steps, they have the time down to one and a half

hours. The part is production-ready.

In ju st six years. Discovery Channel viewers have

watched ore grow from three employees to 60, and

boost its production to 80 commissioned custom

choppere in 2005. The new pUnt wiu allow occ to

boost overall production to 120 bikes in 2006 and as

many as 240 in 2007.

Case Studies show student, h

A e irm a „ „ fa c ;;jg

Prefaci xi

► Career Profiles provide role

models and inspiration for stu￾dents to explore career pathways

in engineering.

Careers in the

Designed U forici KJ

CAREERS IN COMPƯTER INTEGRATED

MANUFACTURING

Getting with the Program

Julio Ramirez spent most of his

career as an old-fashioned machin￾ist, manually maidng parts for auto

manufacturers and cable companies.

But he's found a new chaỉíenge as

a CNC operator for Indian Springs

Manufacturing Company, where he's

learned the art o f programming.

" I have to figure out a lo t o f things for the pro￾gram," Ramirez says, " if evetything works out right,

it mates me smile. I feel like, T did it!”

On the Job

Indian Springs Manufacturing Company makes parts

for a variety of customers, from radio components

to antennas. The CNC machine does everything

automatically—dnUing, changing tools, making

threads. I f Ramirez sets up the program ju st right,

t(ie machtne runs at the proper speed and makes

eveiv part at the proper dimensions. He adjusts the

machine as needed while )t runs.

It's not easy to make parts exactly the same size

from week to week and month to month. Ramirez has

to keep track o f eveivthỉng he's done in the past and

do it the same way for each new batch o f parts.

Inspirations

As a kid in Cuba, Ramirez wanted to be a firefighter or

a policeman. Later, as his friends began finding work

in engine factories, he went along. He didn't like the

work at firs t but soon became intrigued.

n b'ked the idea that you oM id

create whatever you want, he says,

nvrth a piece o f metal and a blue￾p rin t you can make a m otottyde. or

ìaứTutmứs fo r a ho^'taL You jttsfc

need the tools and the machine.'

I Education

After high school Ramirez went to

^ Saul Delgado technical school in

Havana, (earning to work w ith met￾als. After tíỉa t, his education was aU on the job.

He came to the United States in 2003 and worked

on connectors for cable companies. He went on to

operate CNC machines a t a company tha t made brake

parts, but he didn't do any programming there.

Ramirez's job at Indian Springs Manufecluring

Company now gives him a chance to combine his love

of metaU with his love of computers.

"Working w ith a CNC machine is fun once you

know how to create the program," he says. "You can

ptay w ith the machine ju st the way you play vnth 3

computer."

Advice fo r Students

Ramirez sees CNC machines as the way o f the hiture.

"You're ju st going to need one person to run a machine

tha t can do the job o f five people," he says.

He advises students to learn CNC machines

methodicalty. "Go slow and pay attention to what you're doing

in the beginning,"' he says. "Walk before you run, and

you'll learn the steps you need to go faster. 8y the

time you open your eyes, you'll say, man. look a t how

fast rm doing thisJ"

1. keseafch and aeate a -------

2. Dissect the NC equipment in your classroom and be able to ex|

terms of operation.

:plain the key components to the class in

Your Turn activities rein￾force text concepts with

skill-building activities

STEM connections show

examples of how science and

math principles are used to

solve problems in engineer￾ing and technology.

xii Prgface

6dìììĩ ịbé ỈSâẽ ỉụế

b e ca u ỉe th e U D Ỉt h o iĩo ĩs ầ M á M s

Bring it Home: Activities are pro￾vided at the end of each chapter.

The activities progress in rigor

from simple, directed exercises

and problems to more open-ended

projects.

Extra Mile: An Engineering design

analysis challenge at the end of

each chapter provides extended

learning opportunities for students

who want an additional challenge.

Preface xiii