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Clinical guide to the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders
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CLINICAL GUIDE TO THE
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
OF MENTAL DISORDERS
Clinical Guide to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Disorders. M. B. First and A. Tasman
© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN 0-470-01915-8
CLINICAL GUIDE TO THE
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
OF MENTAL DISORDERS
Michael B. First
Associate Professor of Clinical Psychiatry
Department of Psychiatry
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York, NY
USA
Allan Tasman
Professor and Chair
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
University of Louisville School of Medicine
Louisville, KY
USA
• FIRST
• TASMAN
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Pub1ication Data
Clinical guide to the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders/edited by Michael B. First, Allan Tasman.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-470-01915-3 (pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-470-01915-8 (pbk. : a1k. paper)
1. Mental illness. 2. Psychiatry. I. First, Michael B., 1956–
II. Tasman, Allan, 1947–
[DNLM: 1. Mental Disorders–diagnosis. 2. Mental Disorders–therapy.
WM 140 C6405 2006]
RC469.C555 2006
616.89–dc22 2006008578
British Library cataloguing in Publication Data
A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0-470-01915-8
ISBN 978-0-470-01915-3
Typeset in 9.5/11.5pt Times Roman by Thomson Press (India) Limited, New Delhi, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, UK
This book is printed and acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
Dedications
To Leslee, my bashert
Michael
With love and thanks to my family, in particular to my
father, Goodman Tasman, for your support and inspiration
Allan
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Chapter 1 Psychiatric Diagnosis 1
Chapter 2 Childhood Disorders: Mental Retardation 18
Diagnosis 18
Treatment 21
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 25
Chapter 3 Childhood Disorders: Learning and Motor Skills Disorders 26
Diagnosis 26
Treatment 30
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 31
Chapter 4 Childhood Disorders: Communication Disorders 32
Diagnosis of Communication Disorders 32
Diagnosis of Expressive Language Disorder and Mixed
Receptive–Expressive Language Disorder 34
Diagnosis of Phonological Disorder and Stuttering 34
Diagnosis of Communication Disorder Not Otherwise Specifi ed 35
Treatment of Communication Disorders 35
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 36
Chapter 5 Childhood Disorders: Pervasive Developmental Disorders 38
Diagnosis 38
Treatment 42
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 47
Chapter 6 Childhood Disorders: Attention-Defi cit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders 49
Diagnosis 49
Treatment 53
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 56
Chapter 7 Childhood Disorders: Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood 57
Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood 57
Diagnosis 57
Treatment 59
Rumination Disorder 61
Diagnosis 61
Treatment 61
Pica 62
Diagnosis 62
Treatment 62
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 63
Table of Contents
viii Table of Contents
Chapter 8 Childhood Disorders: Tic Disorders 64
Diagnosis 64
Treatment 67
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 70
Chapter 9 Childhood Disorders: Elimination Disorders and Childhood Anxiety Disorders 71
Enuresis 71
Diagnosis 71
Treatment of Nocturnal Enuresis 72
Treatment of Diurnal Enuresis 74
Encopresis 75
Diagnosis 75
Treatment 76
Separation Anxiety Disorder 77
Diagnosis 77
Treatment 78
Selective Mutism 79
Diagnosis 79
Treatment 79
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 80
Chapter 10 Childhood Disorders: Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood 81
Diagnosis 81
Treatment 83
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 84
Chapter 11 Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic Disorders 85
Delirium 85
Diagnosis 85
Treatment 90
Dementia 91
Diagnosis 91
Dementia of the Alzheimer Type 96
Diagnosis 96
Treatment 98
Vascular Dementia 99
Diagnosis 99
Treatment 100
Dementia Due to HIV Disease 100
Diagnosis 100
Treatment 102
Dementia Due to Other General Medical Conditions 102
Substance-Induced Persisting Dementia 105
Diagnosis 105
Treatment 105
Dementia Due to Multiple Etiologies 106
Amnestic Disorders 106
Diagnosis 106
Treatment 107
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 108
Chapter 12 Mental Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition 109
Psychotic Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition 111
Table of Contents ix
Diagnosis 111
Treatment 113
Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition with Depressive Features 113
Diagnosis 113
Treatment 114
Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition with Manic Features 114
Diagnosis 114
Treatment 116
Anxiety Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition with Panic Attacks or with Generalized
Anxiety 116
Diagnosis 116
Treatment 117
Anxiety Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition with Obsessive–Compulsive
Symptoms 117
Diagnosis 117
Treatment 117
Catatonic Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition 118
Diagnosis 118
Treatment 119
Personality Change Due to a General Medical Condition 119
Diagnosis 119
Treatment 122
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 122
Chapter 13 Substance-Related Disorders: General Approaches to Substance and Polysubstance Use
Disorders/Other Substance Use Disorders 123
Diagnosis 123
Treatment 131
Polysubstance Dependence 133
Other Substance-Use Disorders: Anabolic Steroids and Nitrites 134
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 134
Chapter 14 Substance-Related Disorders: Alcohol 136
Diagnosis 136
Treatment 141
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 146
Chapter 15 Substance-Related Disorders: Amphetamine 147
Diagnosis 147
Treatment 150
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 152
Chapter 16 Substance-Related Disorders: Caffeine 153
Caffeine Intoxication 153
Diagnosis 153
Treatment 155
Caffeine Withdrawal 156
Diagnosis 156
Treatment 157
Caffeine Dependence 157
Diagnosis 157
Treatment 158
Caffeine-Induced Anxiety Disorder 158
x Table of Contents
Diagnosis 158
Treatment 158
Caffeine-Induced Sleep Disorder 159
Diagnosis 159
Treatment 159
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 159
Chapter 17 Substance-Related Disorders: Cannabis 160
Cannabis-Use Disorders 161
Diagnosis 161
Treatment 162
Cannabis-Induced Disorders 163
Diagnosis 163
Treatment 165
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 165
Chapter 18 Substance-Related Disorders: Cocaine 166
Diagnosis 166
Treatment 171
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 174
Chapter 19 Substance-Related Disorders: Hallucinogens and MDMA 175
Hallucinogen Intoxication 176
Diagnosis 176
Treatment 177
Hallucinogen-Induced Psychotic Disorders 177
Treatment 177
Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) 177
Diagnosis 177
Treatment 178
MDMA (“Ecstasy’’)-Related Disorders 178
Diagnosis 178
Treatment 179
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 179
Chapter 20 Substance-Related Disorders: Inhalants 180
Diagnosis 180
Treatment 184
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 185
Chapter 21 Substance-Related Disorders: Nicotine 186
Diagnosis 186
Treatment 188
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 195
Chapter 22 Substance-Related Disorders: Opioids 196
Diagnosis 196
Treatment 200
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 205
Chapter 23 Substance-Related Disorders: Phencyclidine 206
Diagnosis 206
Treatment 208
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 209
Table of Contents xi
Chapter 24 Substance-Related Disorders: Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics 210
Diagnosis 210
Treatment 216
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 218
Chapter 25 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders 219
Schizophrenia 219
Diagnosis 219
Treatment 228
Schizoaffective Disorder 242
Diagnosis 242
Treatment 243
Brief Psychotic Disorder 244
Diagnosis 244
Treatment 245
Schizophreniform Disorder 246
Diagnosis 246
Treatment 246
Delusional Disorder 247
Diagnosis 247
Treatment 249
Shared Psychotic Disorder 249
Diagnosis 249
Treatment 250
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 250
Chapter 26 Mood Disorders: Depressive Disorders 252
Major Depressive Disorder 252
Diagnosis 252
Treatment 263
Dysthymic Disorder 271
Diagnosis 271
Treatment 273
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 273
Chapter 27 Mood Disorders: Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder 274
Diagnosis 274
Treatment 276
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 277
Chapter 28 Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorders 278
Diagnosis 278
Treatment 285
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 291
Chapter 29 Anxiety Disorders: Panic Disorder with and without Agoraphobia 292
Diagnosis 292
Treatment 296
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 300
Chapter 30 Anxiety Disorders: Social and Specifi c Phobias 301
Diagnosis 301
Treatment 307
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 314
xii Table of Contents
Chapter 31 Anxiety Disorders: Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder 316
Diagnosis 316
Treatment 321
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 325
Chapter 32 Anxiety Disorders: Traumatic Stress Disorders 326
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 326
Diagnosis 326
Treatment 328
Acute Stress Disorder 331
Diagnosis 331
Treatment 333
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 334
Chapter 33 Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 335
Diagnosis 335
Treatment 340
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 344
Chapter 34 Somatoform Disorders 345
Somatization Disorder 345
Diagnosis 345
Treatment 352
Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder 353
Diagnosis 353
Treatment 354
Conversion Disorder 355
Diagnosis 355
Treatment 357
Pain Disorder 358
Diagnosis 358
Treatment 360
Hypochondriasis 362
Diagnosis 362
Treatment 363
Body Dysmorphic Disorder 364
Diagnosis 364
Treatment 366
Somatoform Disorder Not Otherwise Specifi ed 367
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 367
Chapter 35 Factitious Disorders 368
Diagnosis 368
Treatment 371
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 372
Chapter 36 Dissociative Disorders 373
Dissociative Amnesia 373
Diagnosis 373
Treatment 374
Dissociative Fugue 374
Diagnosis 374
Treatment 375
Depersonalization Disorder 375
Table of Contents xiii
Diagnosis 375
Treatment 376
Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) 376
Diagnosis 376
Treatment 378
Dissociative Trance Disorder 380
Diagnosis 380
Treatment 381
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 381
Chapter 37 Sexual Disorders 382
Sexual Dysfunctions 382
Problems of Sexual Desire 382
Diagnosis 382
Treatment 384
Problems with Arousal 385
Diagnosis 385
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder 385
Male Erectile Disorder 385
Treatment 386
Problems with Orgasm 387
Female Orgasmic Disorder 387
Diagnosis 387
Treatment 388
Male Orgasmic Disorder 388
Premature Ejaculation 388
Diagnosis 388
Treatment 389
Sexual Pain Disorders 389
Dyspareunia 388
Diagnosis 388
Vaginismus 390
Diagnosis 390
Treatment of Dyspareunia and Vaginismus 390
Sexual Dysfunction Due to a General Medical Condition 390
Substance-Induced Sexual Dysfunction 391
Sexual Dysfunction Not Otherwise Specifi ed (NOS) 391
Gender Identity Disorder 391
Diagnosis 392
Treatment 393
The Paraphilias 394
Diagnosis 394
Treatment 397
Sexual Disorder Not Otherwise Specifi ed 398
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 398
Chapter 38 Eating Disorders 399
Anorexia Nervosa 399
Diagnosis 399
Treatment 402
Bulimia Nervosa 404
Diagnosis 404
Treatment 406
xiv Table of Contents
Binge-Eating Disorder 407
Diagnosis 407
Treatment 409
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 409
Chapter 39 Sleep and Sleep–Wake Disorders 410
Diagnosis 410
Dyssomnias 411
Primary Insomnia 411
Diagnosis 411
Treatment 413
Primary Hypersomnia 415
Diagnosis 415
Treatment 416
Narcolepsy 416
Diagnosis 416
Treatment 417
Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder 417
Diagnosis 417
Treatment 418
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder (Sleep–Wake Schedule Disorders) 418
Delayed Sleep Phase Type 418
Diagnosis 418
Treatment 419
Shift-Work Type 419
Diagnosis 419
Treatment 419
Jet Lag Type 419
Diagnosis 419
Treatment 419
Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep 420
Diagnosis 420
Treatment 420
Parasomnias 420
Nightmare Disorder 420
Diagnosis 420
Treatment 421
Sleep Terror Disorder 421
Diagnosis 421
Treatment 421
Sleepwalking Disorder 421
Diagnosis 421
Treatment 421
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder 422
Diagnosis 422
Treatment 422
Nocturnal Panic Attacks 422
Sleep-Related Epilepsy 422
Sleep Disturbances Related to Other Mental Disorders 422
Diagnosis 422
Treatment 423
Sleep Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition 423
Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder 423
Table of Contents xv
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 424
Chapter 40 Impulse Control Disorders 425
Intermittent Explosive Disorder 425
Diagnosis 425
Treatment 427
Kleptomania 428
Diagnosis 428
Treatment 429
Pyromania and Fire-Setting Behavior 429
Diagnosis 429
Treatment 430
Pathological Gambling 430
Diagnosis 430
Treatment 431
Trichotillomania 432
Diagnosis 432
Treatment 433
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 434
Chapter 41 Adjustment Disorders 435
Diagnosis 435
Treatment 436
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 438
Chapter 42 Personality Disorders 439
Personality Disorder 439
Diagnosis 439
Treatment 440
Paranoid Personality Disorder 441
Diagnosis 441
Treatment 442
Schizoid Personality Disorder 443
Diagnosis 443
Treatment 444
Schizotypal Personality Disorder 444
Diagnosis 444
Treatment 445
Antisocial Personality Disorder 446
Diagnosis 446
Treatment 447
Borderline Personality Disorder 448
Diagnosis 448
Treatment 448
Histrionic Personality Disorder 450
Diagnosis 450
Treatment 451
Narcissistic Personality Disorder 452
Diagnosis 452
Treatment 453
Avoidant Personality Disorder 453
Diagnosis 453
Treatment 454
xvi Table of Contents
Dependent Personality Disorder 455
Diagnosis 455
Treatment 456
Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder 456
Diagnosis 456
Treatment 457
Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specifi ed 458
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 458
Chapter 43 Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Condition 459
Diagnosis 459
Treatment 462
Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria 464
Index 465