Chủng tộc và chính sách chủng tộc ở Brazil hiện nay

CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 04-2010 37

QUAN HE QUOC TE

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1. Nguon gdc phat sinh van de

chung toe

Hien nay, Brazil la nUdc cd so

ngUdi ndi tieng Bd Dao Nha nhieu

nhat the gidi, nhieu hdn ca dan Bd

Dao Nha chinh hieu d chau Au. Vi du,

nam 2003 dan sd Bd Dao Nha la 10,2

trieu ngUdi; cdn dan so'Brazil la 176,6

trieu ngUdi, trong dd hau due ngUdi

Bd Dao Nha chiem khoang 60%, ngUdi

lai - khoang 30%, cdn lai ngUdi da den

va ngudi An Dp - 10%. Do vay, van de

chung tdc va ky thi chung tdc da cd

mdt thdi ndi len cang thang d Brazil.

Thdi ay bit dIu tvf sau khi Brazil

gianh dUdc ddc lap ve chinh tri (1899)

va tuyen bd' thanh lap nUdc Cdng hoa

Brazil. Tvf day, van de chvmg tpc bat

dIu dUdc de cap de'n va bit dIu dUdc

thld luan trong gidi chinh tri Brazil.

Day la van de phvfc tap, he trpng vi nd

dung cham den mau da sac tdc, dat

nha d m quyen vao tinh trang phvfc

tap vi, mdt mat, Brazil la mpt xa hdi

da sic mau chung tdc, mat khac, gidi

quy tdc, thUdng lUu (chi ngUdi da

trIng) lai mud'n ca dat nUdc phai chap

nhan chuan mvfc, dao diic, Idl sd'ng

chau Au d tat ca cac linh viic.

Trong khi dd, mdt loat ly luan sinh

hpc di truyen d chau Au ra ddi, coi

dan da trIng mdi thupc ting Idp

thUdng ding; cdn nhiing dan da

khdng trIng, da mau, da vang, nhat

la dan da den (ngUdi Phi) va da banh

Nguyen Thiet Sdn

Pham Thi My Trang

mat (ngUdi An) thupc Idp ha dang; va

ngUdi lai giiia cac chiing tdc thi dang

dUdc ban cai.

Van de dUdc ban cai d day la chd'ng

ky thi chiing tdc va ddng nhat dan tdc

(Homogeneity). Gidi tri thiic Brazil

xem nhe nhiing phan xet ve "giao

thoa - ddng hoa chiing tdc" va khang

dinh ring, Brazil cd the se dat dUdc

tien bd bIng each khdng ngvfng trang

hoa dan sd' thdng qua bien phap nhap

cU ngUdi Chau Au\

Tren cd sd quan diem nay, nha nUdc

Brazil khuyen khich dan chau Au

nhap cU va khdng cho nhap cU dan da

mau, the hien d cac dvf luat cam nhap

cU da mau dUdc Qud'c hdi thdng qua

trong nhiing nam 1920. Cac Hien phap

nam 1934 va nam 1937 ciing de cap

de'n van de han che nhap cU da mau.

Tuy nhien, de'n cudi thap nien 20

dIu thap nien 30 ciia the ky XX, thai

dp xa hdi ddi vdi van de ky thi chvmg

tdc da dUdc thay ddi nhieu, trUdc bet

vi trong tac pham "Chu va td" ciia dng

Frere - nha van, nha xa hdi hpc va

nha svf hpc - khang dinh ring, nhUng

cap thanh hdn nam nU giUa cac chiing

tdc trong nhieu nam qua da pha tan

ranh gidi, hang rao ngan each chiing

tdc va da hinh thanh d Brazil mdt nen

dan chii da sic mau chung tpc. Ong

coi ket hdn nam nii giiia cac chung tdc

d Brazil vdi nhau la mdt md hinh the

hien xa hdi van minh, tien bd d n