Chiến thuật "cuốn phim trí óc" (thinhk - aloud) trong dạy học đọc hiểu văn bản

CHIE N THUA T "CUO N PHI M TR I OC " (THINH K - ALOUD )

TRON G DA Y HO C DO C HIE U VA N BA N

Q TS. PHAM THI THU HUONG*

1. Trong he thong nghien cuu ve day hoc doc

hieu van bdn hien nay, chien thudt (strategy) doc

hieu Id ndi dung dugc nhieu hgc gid quan tdm,

dong thdi cung duqc ung dyng rdng rdi vd bd

sung bdi thyc tien cung kinh nghiem dgy hgc

cua gido vien (GV). Chuang 4 bdn bdo edo

cua NRP (National Reading Panel) ndm 2000

dd tdng ket: Dgc theo truyen thdng Id dgy ki

ndng. Hien nay, day ki ndng nhu Id nhung chien

thudt, qua chien thudt md dat tdi ki ndng, thdm

chi: «Dqy chien thudt md khdng day kT ndng"

(tr. 119). «Chie'n thudt dqc hieu duqc xdc dinh

nhu Id qud trinh nhdn thuc dugc ddn ddt than

trong bdi myc dich cy the, hodc mdt each xu li

de dieu khien, chuyen sy cd gang cua ngudi

dgc tdi viec gidi md van bdn vd kien tao y nghTa

cua vdn bdn" (Garner, 1987). Cd the xem chien

thudt dgc hieu Id nhung bien phdp, nhung thu

thudt giup hgc sinh (HS) chiem h"nh vdn bdn mdt

each tich cue, chu ddng nhu mot ddc gid thudn

thyc, cd kT ndng vd sdng tgo.

Tren the gidi, viec day chien thudt dgc hieu

cdc loai vdn ban dd dugc tien hdnh han 30 ndm

vdi tu tudng Id van de dqc hieu cd the dugc thuc

day bdi viec dgy HS su dyng cdc chien thudt nhdn

thuc cy the, hodc day suy ludn mdt each cd chien

thudt khi HS gap trd ngai trong viec hieu vdn bdn

dang dqc. Cd rat nhieu chien thudt dd duqc de

xudt vd ung dyng nhu: hoat hod tri thuc cd trudc,

mdi quan he hdi - ddp, vong tron vdn hoc,...

Cung cap cuon phim tri dc Id mdt trong so dd.

2. Thudt ngu «Think aloud" trong tieng Anh

cd nghTa Id «NghT- to tieng" hay ndi to suy nghT

dang dien ra trong ddu ddc gid khi hp tiep xuc

vdi vdn bdn. Thyc chat cua chien thudt nay Id

ngudi dgc phdt Id «cud'n phim tri dc" dang xdy

ra trong qud trinh nhdn thuc thdi sy, sdng ddng,

phong phu, cung khd ngdn ngang, be bdn, ddi

luc cdn nhieu yeu to cam tinh cua cd nhdn khi

tiep xuc vdi tung cdu chu trong vdn bdn.

Quan sat qud trinh dgc hieu van bdn cua bgn

dgc HS, cdc nhd gido dye nhdn thdy sy thieu hieu

Tap chi Giao due so 254 o». 2. 1/201 p

qud khi kien tqo y nghia vdn ban trong hoat ddng

dqc hieu khdng phdi do ldi HS khdng dgc van

bdn hay khdng cd gang. Dieu ban khoan Id HS

khdng biet phdi Idm nhu the ndo de xdy dyng

dugc y nghTa cua vdn bdn minh dang dgc. Ddi luc

hg hieu myc tieu cdn dgt chi dung lgi d viec gidi

md vdn bdn, nghTa Id chuyen cdc ki hieu chu viet

thdnh cdc tin hieu dm thanh md khdng can tu duy

ve cdi minh dang dgc. Chien thudt «cudn phim tri

dc" se tap trung gidi quyet van de dd - giup ban

dqc HS tu duy khi hq dqc vdn bdn.

Khdng nhdn thuc dugc bdn chat cua hogtdgng

dgc hieu Id mdt yeu td khdc khien HS khdng biet

phdi Idm the ndo de chiem hnh dugc thdng diep

nghe thudt tu vdn bdn. Chung ta deu biet, dgc

hieu Id hogt ddng nhdn thuc rdt phuc tap, dien

ra ben trong mdi chu the. Cdi chung ta nhdn dugc

tu sy chia se, thdng bdo, cdng bd cua ngudi dgc

chi Id sdn phdm cudi cung tinh cho den thdi diem

«phdt ngdn". Dd Id cdi sdn phdm dd tuang ddi

hoan bi, dugc sdp xep, «hieu chinh" cdn than,

cdng phu. Sdn phdm dy cd the Id mdt bdi bdo

khoa hgc cua cdc nhd nghien cuu, mdt bdi gidng

cua thdy, cd gido, mdt bdn thuyet trinh cua ngudi

trinh bay, mdt bdi Idm vdn hay mdt cdu trd ldi

gay ggn, day du cua HS. Tdt nhien, vdi mdt ngudi

dgc dd thudn thyc, cd ki ndng, yeu thich viec dqc

sdeh vd hgc vdn, nhung bdi viet vd ldi gidng cua

GV khdng phdi chi cung cap kien thuc md cdn

giup hg, qua do, hgc dugc each cam nhdn, chiem

TTnh vdn ban nghe thudt. Song khdng phdi ban

dgc ndo cung cd khd ndng nhu vdy. Hg khdng

biet dugc that sy nhung ban dqc dugc ddnh gid

Id cd kT ndng se tu duy nhu the ndo trong qud

trinh dgc. Vdi tu each Id nhung ngudi can dugc

ddo tgo de trd thdnh ban dqc tich cue, dqc lap

Idm viec vdi vdn bdn d trong vd ngoai nhd trudng,

nhdn thuc ve qud trinh dgc rdt quan trgng dd'i vdi

HS. Dong thdi, qua viec minh hoa chien thudt

«cudn phim tri dc" cua GV cung nhung ban dgc

* TrUdng Dai hpc su pham Ha Npi