Cement natural rubber latex stabilized recycled concrete aggregate as a pavement base material

CEMENT - NATURAL RUBBER LATEX STABILIZED RECYCLED

CONCRETE AGGREGATE AS A PAVEMENT BASE MATERIAL

NHIEU VINH DUONG

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil, Transportation

and Geo-resources Engineering

Suranaree University of Technology

Academic 2021

มวลรวมรีไซเคิลปรับปรุงคุณภาพด้วยปูนซีเมนต์และน้ำยาง

ธรรมชาติสำหรับใช้เป็นวัสดุถนนชั้นรองพื้นทาง

เนียว วินห์ ดวง

วิทยานิพนธ์นี้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการศึกษาตามหลักสูตรปริญญาวิศวกรรมศาสตรดุษฎีบัณฑิต

สาขาวิชาวิศวกรรมโยธา ขนส่ง และทรัพยากรธรณี

มหาวิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสุรนารี

ปีการศึกษา 2564

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Completing this doctoral dissertation was made possible by the assistance,

guidance, and encouragement of many individuals over the last three years. Thus, I

would like to take this opportunity to thank the various individuals that helped me

during my academic journey.

First and foremost, I would like to thank my academic supervisors, Asst. Prof.

Menglim Hoy and Prof. Suksun Horpibulsuk, for their instruction, suggestions, and

persistent support throughout this research.

Thanks also extend to the ISI-SUT for providing appropriate equipment and

materials for this research. I would like to thank Dr. Apichat Suddeepong and the ISI￾SUT’s technical personnel for their invaluable assistance in completing the tests for

this research.

I am honored to have been a member of the Vietnam Society for Soil

Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (VSSMGE) and am grateful to Assoc. Prof. D.

Q. Thien, Assoc. Prof. T. T. Nhan, Dr. N. T. T. Nhan, and Dr. P. D. Long for providing me

with background knowledge and encouragement over many years.

Friends who have been a rock for me since I came to Suranaree University of

Technology including Suwaphit, Toon, Aon, Minnie, Narawit, Kanya, Laksikar, Jigme,

Ashok,... over the three years will never be forgotten.

Special thanks are due to the National Science and Technology Development

Agency under the Chair Professor program [Grant No. P-19-52303], Suranaree

University of Technology and Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) for

sponsoring me during the study period.

Finally, and most importantly, I am eternally grateful to my parents, my

sisters, my parents-in-law and my wife - Vicky Hoa, for their never-ending love,

support and encouragement.

Nhieu Vinh Duong

VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT (THAI) ........................................................................................................................... I

ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) ....................................................................................................................III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................................V

TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................................VI

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ XI

LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................XIII

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS..............................................................................................XVII

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................. ...........................1

1.1 Background......................................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the problem...................................................... ....................3

1.3 Objectives of the study...............................................................................5

1.4 Structure of thesis.........................................................................................5

1.5 References......................................................................................................7

2 LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................13

2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................13

2.2 Ordinary Portland cement (OPC).............................................................14

2.2.1 Chemical composition of OPC ......................................................14

2.2.2 Physical and mechanical properties of OPC ..............................20

2.2.3 Cement hydration reactions..........................................................21

2.2.4 Cement hydration products...........................................................24

2.3 Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA).........................................................28

2.3.1 Geotechnical properties of RCA....................................................29

2.3.2 Chemical compositions of RCA .....................................................31

2.4 Natural rubber latex (NRL) ........................................................................32

VII

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

2.5 Flexible pavement structure....................................................................36

2.5.1 Pavement subgrade material.........................................................37

2.5.2 Pavement subbase layer ................................................................38

2.5.3 Pavement base layer.......................................................................40

2.5.4 Surface course..................................................................................41

2.5.5 Critical stresses/strains....................................................................42

2.6 Cement stabilized RCA in pavement base applications.....................43

2.6.1 Compaction characteristics............................................................44

2.6.2 Unconfined compressive strength (UCS).....................................45

2.6.3 Flexural strength (FS).......................................................................46

2.6.4 Indirect tensile strength (ITS) .........................................................47

2.6.5 Modulus characteristics...................................................................49

2.6.6 Permanent deformation characteristics.......................................50

2.7 Cement-natural rubber latex composite...............................................51

2.8 References....................................................................................................54

3 CEMENT-NATURAL RUBBER LATEX STABILIZED RECYCLED

CONCRETE AGGREGATE AS A PAVEMENT BASE MATERIAL.....................68

3.1 Statement of the problem.......................................................................68

3.2 Materials and sample preparation..........................................................70

3.2.1 Materials.............................................................................................70

3.2.2 Sample preparation.........................................................................73

3.3 Laboratory experimental programs.........................................................75

3.3.1 Basic laboratory tests of recycled concrete aggregate.............75

3.3.2 Modified Proctor compaction test................................................75

3.3.3 Unconfined compressive strength test........................................75

3.3.4 Indirect tensile strength test..........................................................76

3.3.5 Scanning electron microscope......................................................76

VIII

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

3.3.6 X-ray diffractometry.........................................................................76

3.4 Result and discussion.................................................................................77

3.4.1 Basic laboratory tests of recycled concrete aggregate.............77

3.4.2 Modified Proctor compaction test................................................78

3.4.3 Unconfined compressive strength test........................................80

3.4.4 Indirect tensile strength test..........................................................81

3.5 Microstructural analysis.............................................................................85

3.5.1 X-ray diffractometry.........................................................................85

3.5.2 Scanning electron microscopic images........................................87

3.6 Conclusions..................................................................................................90

3.7 References....................................................................................................91

4 STIFFNESS AND FATIGUE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF

CEMENT-NATURAL RUBBER LATEX STABILIZED RECYCLED

CONCRETE AGGREGATE......................................................................................97

4.1 Statement of the problem.......................................................................97

4.2 Materials and sample preparation........................................................100

4.2.1 Materials...........................................................................................100

4.2.2 Sample preparation.......................................................................101

4.3 Laboratory experimental programs.......................................................102

4.3.1 Indirect tensile resilient modulus (IT Mr) test..........................102

4.3.2 Indirect tensile fatigue (ITF) test..................................................103

4.3.3 Rutting susceptibility test using

Hamburg wheel tracking device (HWTD) ...................................104

4.4 Result and discussion...............................................................................107

4.4.1 Indirect tensile resilient modulus...............................................107

4.4.2 Indirect tensile fatigue...................................................................110

4.4.3 Rutting resistance...........................................................................112

IX

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

4.5 Conclusions................................................................................................115

4.6 References..................................................................................................116

5 INFLUENCE OF WETTING - DRYING CYCLES ON

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF

CEMENT - NATURAL RUBBER LATEX STABILIZED

RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE...............................................................124

5.1 Statement of the problem.....................................................................124

5.2 Materials and sample preparation........................................................125

5.2.1 Materials...........................................................................................125

5.2.2 Sample preparation.......................................................................127

5.3 Laboratory experimental programs.......................................................128

5.3.1 Wetting and drying cycles ............................................................128

5.3.2 Unconfined compression test .....................................................129

5.3.3 Microstructural morphology by FESEM/EDS.............................130

5.4 Result and discussion...............................................................................130

5.4.1 Effect of wetting-drying cycles on the weight change...........130

5.4.2 Effect of wetting-drying cycles

on unconfined compressive strength........................................132

5.4.3 Effect of wetting-drying cycles

on the stress-strain relationship..................................................134

5.4.4 Effect of wetting-drying cycles on elastic modulus................136

5.4.5 Effect of wetting-drying cycles

on microstructure and crack propagation process .................138

5.5 Conclusions................................................................................................141

5.6 References..................................................................................................141

6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................147

6.1 Introduction................................................................................................147

X

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

6.2 Conclusions................................................................................................148

6.2.1 Natural rubber latex as a polymer to improve

the mechanical properties of cement stabilized RCA

for pavement base application...................................................148

6.2.2 Natural rubber latex is used as an additive to enhance

the dynamic mechanical properties of cement stabilized

RCA....................................................................................................149

6.2.3 Natural rubber latex strengthens the durability against

cyclic wet and dry seasons of cement stabilized RCA...........149

6.3 Recommendations for future work.......................................................150

APPENDIX

APPENDIX A. List of publications.................................................................................151

BIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................169

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

2.1 Chemical compositions of ordinary Portland cement ..........................................20

2.2 Physical and mechanical properties of ordinary Portland cement....................21

2.3 Geotechnical characteristics of NA and some RCA sources.................................30

2.4 Chemical compositions of NA and RCA ...................................................................32

2.5 The mineral composition of NRL...............................................................................34

2.6 The physical and chemical properties of NRL........................................................35

2.7 Surfactants in natural rubber latex...........................................................................36

2.8 CBR specifications for pavement layers...................................................................38

2.9 Gradation requirements for crushed aggregate subbase, base,

and surface course.......................................................................................................38

2.10 Typical local-road specifications for the base, subbase materials.....................39

2.11 The criterion for selecting an appropriate pavement base,

subbase materials.........................................................................................................41

2.12 Typical characteristics of the materials and bituminous mixtures.....................41

2.13 The modified compaction test result of cement stabilized RCA mixtures.......45

2.14 The ITS requirement value for cement stabilized material.................................48

2.15 Summary of Tx Mr results of cement stabilized RCA mixtures...........................50

3.1 Geotechnical properties of RCA.................................................................................71

3.2 Chemical compositions of cement...........................................................................72

3.3 Properties of natural rubber latex.............................................................................73

3.4 The mix design in this study.......................................................................................73

4.1 Basic geotechnical engineering properties of RCA ...............................................101

4.2 The design compaction parameters of tested samples.....................................102

4.3 The rutting parameters CS, SIP, and SS for RCA mixtures ..................................113

5.1 Geotechnical properties of RCA...............................................................................126