Capability of shade plant types in absorbing lead (pb) particles in the air in surakarta city,

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

RIANSYAH

CAPABILITY ANALYSIS OF SHADE PLANT TYPES IN ABSORBING

LEAD (PB) PARTICLES IN THE AIR IN SURAKARTA CITY,

CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode : Full-time

Major : Environmental Science and Management

Faculty : International Programs Office

Batch : 2015-2019

Thai Nguyen, 23/09/2019

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Student Name Riansyah

Student ID DTN1554290049

Thesis Title

Capability of shade plant types in absorbing lead

(Pb) particles in the air in Surakarta City, Central

Java, Indonesia

Supervisor (s)

Prof. Dr. Ir. MTh Sri Budiastuti, M. Si.

Prof. Dr. Ir. Djoko Purnomo, M.P.

Ho Ngoc Son, Ph. D.

Supervisor’s Signature

Abstract:

Developing countries which is being intensified in economic development

also faces several other problems such as economic development equitable,

population growth and urbanization. One of the negative impacts of the

urbanization is increase the number of population in a city. Increasing the

number of vehicles potentially increasing air pollution in the environment. This

study intended to find out the amount of lead (Pb) content absorbed by the leaves

of shade plants on Slamet Riyadi and Ahmad Yani roads. This research was

carried out using non-experimental methods, for the non-experimental method

used to determine the lead (Pb) content in the samples, to determine the traffic

conditions at a predetermined point and to determine the types of vegetation at

predetermined point. The method used to determine lead (Pb) content is the Wet

Dewatering Method, the samples are analyzed using AAS, and the linear

regression equation will be obtained y = ax + b. The method used to determine

the traffic conditions is survey and observation methods directly at the specified

location with the provided form. The methods used to determine the types of

vegetation is the methods of Identification and Inventory directly at the specified

location with the provided form. The result show Traffic conditions on Slamet

Riyadi road are more crowded than Ahmad Yani road and this also affects the

amount of lead (Pb) content absorbed by tamarind, mahogany, spanish cherry,

amboyna, sea mango and mango leaves are different. The type of vegetation in

200 m road segment length on each side for Slamet Riyadi road is more varied

than Ahmad Yani road. The amount of lead (Pb) content in the leaf samples of

tamarind (Tamarindus indica) 2 µg/g, mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) 2,3

µg/g, spanish cherry (Mimusops elengi) 1,3 µg/g, amboyna (Pterocarpus

indicus) 1,7 µg/g, sea mango (Carbera manghas) 1,4 µg/g and mango

(Magnifera indica) 2,25 µg/g. The lead (Pb) content in shade plants on the road

of Slamet Riyadi and Ahmad Yani in the city of Surakarta ranges from 1.3 - 2.3

µ /g and is classified as moderate or normal levels of lead in plants, that is 0.5 -

3.0 µg/g. Limitations that were encountered throughout the study are the use of

manual method in traffic measurement affect to data results, the data measured

might not be 100% accurate and due to the time limitations, the number of

vegetation measured were limited.

Keywords Shade plants, Pb, lead, air pollution, green open

space, leaf sampling

Number of Pages 76 pages

Date of Submission

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the author praises and thank Allah SWT Almighty God, because

for his blessings and grace, the author is able to finish this bachelor thesis well. In

the completion of this bachelor thesis the author certainly cannot be separated from

obstacles and difficulties. This bachelor thesis is indeed not perfect, but the author

hopes that this thesis can be useful for those who read it. In completing this thesis

with the title "Capability analysis of shade plant types in absorbing lead (Pb)

particles in the air in Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia" the author cannot be

separated from the guidance and motivation from various parties.

1. Prof. Dr. H. Jamal Wiwoho, SH, Hum., as Rector of Sebelas Maret

University, Surakarta.

2. Prof. Dr. Samanhudi, S.P., M.Si., as Dean of Agriculture Faculty of

Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.

3. Dr. Ir. Parjanto, M.P., as Head of Agrotechnology Study Program of

Agriculture Faculty of Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.

4. Ho Ngoc Son, Ph.D. of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and

Forestry (TUAF), Prof. Dr. Ir. Maria Theresia Sri Budiastuti, M.Si. and Prof. Dr.

Ir. Djoko Purnomo, M.P. of Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, as

author’s supervisors. The author would like to express the gratitude to the

supervisors for the constructive criticism, gave additional knowledge, worthy

indications, comments and efficacious supervision, leading to the success of the

study.

5. All both UNS and TUAF lecturers who have provided lessons so that the

author has a knowledge in the future.

6. All staffs of UNS and TUAF who helping the author in documents

preparation to conduct this research.

7. Author’s parents Aba and Mak, and author’s siblings, Anton, Nia and Yop,

and also for author’s brothers and sister in law, Rosal, Noval, Nemi. Author would

like to give the sincerest gratefulness, which without it, author would not have the

courage and strength to carry out the study.

8. All best friends the TKVDW Casts, Encik Deas and Encik Dwi for the

happines and advices during the research study. The author’s roommate Ilham,

Dicky, Van and Chocky who always gave the endless support to finish the research

study. And Mbak Indah one of friend and adviser who guide the author how write

the thesis. All Indonesian friends in Vietnam. Thank you for the unending support

and giving the positive vibe.

9. All parties who have helped and cannot be mentioned by the author one

by one.

Finally, the author realizes that this paper is still not perfect, but the authors

hope that this simple scientific work will be beneficial for the development of

science and all parties who need it.

Thai Nguyen, October 2019

Student

Riansyah

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. i

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. ii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................... iv

PART I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1

1.1. Research Rationale ...................................................................................... 1

1.2. Research’s Objectives ................................................................................. 5

1.3. Research Questions and Hypotheses ........................................................... 5

1.3.1. Research Questions ...................................................................................... 5

1.3.2. Hypotheses.................................................................................................... 6

1.4. Limitations .................................................................................................. 6

1.5. Definitions ................................................................................................... 7

PART II. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................... 8

2.1. Heavy metal................................................................................................. 8

2.1.1. Lead (Pb) ...................................................................................................... 9

2.1.2. Lead Absorption by Plants ......................................................................... 10

2.2. Green Open Space ..................................................................................... 11

2.2.1. The Requirements for Road Protection Trees ............................................ 12

2.2.2. The Placement of Plants as Road Shade .................................................... 13

2.2.3. The Function of Green Open Space ........................................................... 14

2.3. A shade Plants ........................................................................................... 15

2.3.1. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.)............................................................... 15

2.3.2. Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King.) ................................................ 16

2.3.3. Spanish cherry (Mimusops elengi L.) ......................................................... 17

2.3.4. Amboyna (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) ..................................................... 18

2.3.5. Sea Mango (Cerbera manghas.)................................................................. 20

2.3.6. Mango (Magnifera indica L.) ..................................................................... 21

PART III. METHODOLOGY .............................................................................. 23

3.1. Materials .................................................................................................... 23

3.2. Methods ..................................................................................................... 24

3.2.1. The Identification and Survey of Traffic Condition ................................... 24

3.2.2. The Identification and Inventory Kind of Tree .......................................... 28

3.2.3. The Selection of Trees to be Sampled ........................................................ 31

3.2.4. Leaf Sampling ............................................................................................ 32

3.2.5. Determination the Amount of Lead (Pb) Content and Kind of Tree that has

Capability of Lead Absorption ....................................................................... 32

3.2.6. Data Analysis and Determination kind of tree that most effective in

absorbing lead (Pb) ........................................................................................ 34

PART IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................... 36

4.1. Traffic Condition Observations................................................................. 36

4.1.1. Volume ....................................................................................................... 36

4.1.2. Spot Speed .................................................................................................. 43

4.1.3. Density ........................................................................................................ 47

4.2. Identification and Inventory Kind of Tree ................................................ 48

4.3. The Amount of Lead (Pb) Content and Kind of Tree that has Capability of

Lead Absorption ............................................................................................... 50

4.3.1. Lead (Pb) Content of Each Tree Sample .................................................... 50

4.3.2. Comparison of Lead Content of Each Leaf Samples and Determination

Kind of Tree that Most Effective in Absorbing Lead (Pb) ............................ 54

PART V. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................. 57

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 59

APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... 67

i

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1a. Slamet Riyadi road .............................................................................. 24

Figure 1b. Ahmad Yani road ................................................................................ 24

Figure 2. Angles for Using Haga Altimeter ........................................................ 29

Figure 3a. Tree diameter measurement using diameter tape ................................ 30

Figure 3b. Location of breast height measurement .............................................. 30

Figure 4. Illustration of how to measure crown diameter of a tree ..................... 31

Figure 5. Trees Height that be sampled on Slamet Riyadi road ........................... 52

Figure 6. Trees Height that be sampled on Ahmad Yani road ............................. 54