Bsi bip 0123 2012

The F ibreopti c Assoc iation

www. fi a- on l ine .co .uk

Telecommun i cation s Cab l ing

G u i d an ce on S tan da rd s and Best Practi ce for C on stru ction Pro j ects

Mike Gilmore and Man i Man ivannan

Te l ecommun i ca tion s Cab l ing

Gu id an ce on Standa rd s and Best Pra cti ce for

Con stru ction Pro j ects

Te lecommun i cation s Cab l ing

Gu idan ce on Standa rd s and Best Pra cti ce for

Con stru ction Pro j ects

Mike Gilmore and Man i Man ivannan

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I SBN 978 0 580 75607 8

Con ten ts

Prefa ce vi i

Acknowl edgemen ts vi i i

In troduction 1

1 The need for structu red cab l ing 7

1 . 1 A h i story l esson 8

1 . 2 I n fra stru ctu re l i fetime 8

1 . 3 M a rket deve lopmen t by stand a rd i za t ion 1 1

1 .4 Corpora te reorg an i za t ion 1 3

1 . 5 The g rowth of stru ctu red cab l ing 1 3

2 The u se of cab l ing standard s wi th in bu i ld ing des ign 1 5

2 . 1 U nderstand ing stand a rd s 1 6

2 .2 Cab l i ng stand a rd i za tion 20

2 .3 Sepa ra tion of respon s ib i l i ties 24

2 .4 The bound a ri es of standa rd i za tion 25

3 The impact of convergence in IP networks in the bu i l t

envi ronmen t 28

3 . 1 I n trodu ci ng con vergen ce 29

3 .2 Competi tion i n con vergen ce 32

3 .3 Bu i l d ing a ccommod a tion to support con vergen ce 32

3 .4 Spa ce , convergen ce and servi ce l eve l ag reemen ts 37

4 Organ iz ing cab l ing pro jects 38

4. 1 Pro j ect defi n i tion 39

4.2 Fun ction over form 40

4.3 Pro j ect l eadersh ip and coord i n a tion 42

4.4 The impa ct of pro j ect s i ze 51

5 Mapp ing bu s iness requ i remen ts to des ign ob jectives 57

5 . 1 Specu l a t i ve bu i l d pro jects 58

5 .2 Des i gned to requ i remen t bu i l d 64

5 .3 M u l ti -ten an t prem i ses 72

5 .4 ‘Lim i ted l i fe ’ and ‘ l im i ted demand ’ in fra stru ctu res 74

6 Des ign strateg ies and method s 76

6 . 1 Te l ecommun i ca tion servi ce provi s ion 79

Telecommun ications Cabling v

6 . 2 D i vers i ty 85

6 . 3 The app l i ca tion of cab l i ng des ign and p l ann i ng stand a rd s 86

6 .4 F in an ci a l p l ann ing 92

7 Iden ti fying and manag ing techn i ca l ri sks 94

7 . 1 Spa ces and pa thways 95

7 . 2 Cab l ing performan ce 1 01

7 . 3 Cab l ing topo log y/a rch i tectu re 1 03

7 .4 Cab l ing d i stribu tion den s i ty 1 05

7 . 5 Other i ssues 1 06

8 Iden ti fying and manag ing adm in i strative ri sks 1 09

8 . 1 Assess i ng the ri gou r of the te l ecommun i ca tion s des ign brief 1 1 0

8 . 2 Procu remen t cho i ces 1 1 2

8 . 3 The impa ct of con vergen ce on the procu remen t process 1 20

8 .4 Competen ce 1 22

9 Operationa l and managemen t i ssues 1 25

9 . 1 Adm in i stra tion standa rd s 1 26

9 . 2 M i g ra t ing from in sta l l a t ion to opera tion a l adm in i stra tion 1 27

9 . 3 The impa ct of errors i n opera t ion a l adm i n i stra tion 1 27

9 .4 Beyond the stand a rd s 1 28

9 . 5 Wider imp l i ca tion s for bu s i ness 1 29

1 0 Pro ject close-ou t 1 3 1

1 0 . 1 The ro l e of a te l ecommun i ca tion speci a l i st beyond ‘pra cti ca l

comp l etion ’ 1 32

1 0 . 2 M ea su ri ng su ccess 1 33

Append ix A: Standard s review and b ib l iog raphy 1 35

A. 1 Understand ing stand a rd s 1 35

A.2 Standa rd s review 1 36

A.3 Cab l ing stand a rd s compa ri son s 1 40

A.4 Cab l ing stand a rd s b ib l iog raphy 1 40

Append ix B : Te lecommun i cation s overview 1 45

vi Telecommun ications Cabling

Preface

Stru ctu red cab l i ng pro j ects a re comp l ex in n a tu re . M u l tip l e d ri vers exi st

wi th reg a rd s to budget , performan ce , l i fetimes and wa rran ti es together

wi th in terfa ces to bu i l d ing stru ctu re , a rch i tectu re and servi ces . Stand a rd s

a re deve loped wi th the i n ten t of provid i ng owners , des i gners and

in sta l l ers wi th a l eve l of a ssu ran ce on a ch ievi ng i n tended ob ject i ves . Bu t

stand a rd s a l one a re not enough a ssu ran ce to gu a ran tee su ccess .

Th i s book i s ded i ca ted to promoti ng a better understand i ng of the

d ri vers and the ri sks and pro ject man agemen t i ssues a ffecting a l l pa rt ies

in vo l ved i n de l i vering ho l i sti c bu i l d ing so l u t ion s , in cl ud ing :

• those d i rect l y i n vo l ved in the stru ctu red cab l ing indu stry;

• pro j ect spon sors who d ri ve the requ i remen ts ;

• con stru ction i ndu stry profess iona l s .

Often des ign and in sta l l a tion of stru ctu red cab l i ng i s i n correctl y viewed

a s a very s imp l e and stra igh tforwa rd a cti vi ty – ignoring the l a ten t ri sks

th a t the I T and other te l ecommun i ca tion s servi ce in fra stru ctu res , wh i ch

re l y on we l l des igned and co-ord i n a ted cab l i ng , cou l d underperform or

unknowing l y bu rden the resu l ti ng opera t ing expen ses for the prem i ses .

Su ch ri sks a ri se from a l a ck of ea rl y pro ject defin i t ion , i n adequ a te ‘due

d i l i gen ce ’ i n re l a tion to the more ho l i sti c dem and s of servi ce

in fra stru ctu res and i neffecti ve govern an ce du ri ng the pro ject l i fecycl e .

Th i s often can be tra ced to a fa i l u re to a l loca te appropri a te resou rces ,

ski l l sets and budgets to support the te l ecommun i ca tion s ob ject i ves of

the pro ject spon sor.

Th i s i s the fi rst book to a ttempt to m ap ou t the i ssues , h i gh l igh t the ri sk

a rea s and offer gu i d an ce to those i n the indu stry from profess ion a l s who

have fi rst-h and experien ce of de l i veri ng te l ecommun i ca tion s

in fra stru ctu re pro j ects over man y yea rs .

Telecommun ications Cabling vi i

Acknowledgemen ts

Man i Man ivannan wou l d l ike to take th i s opportun i ty to th ank M ike

G i lmore for pa t ien tl y tran scrib ing a wea l th of practi ca l experien ce i n the

des i gn , pro ject man agemen t and de l i very of su ccessfu l pro jects i n

te l ecommun i ca tion s cab l i ng . The man y d i scu ss ion s and frank exchange of

vi ewpo i n ts between the au thors th a t he l ped to crea te and sh ape ea ch

ch apter i s i n i tse l f a testamen t to the in tri ca cies of techn i ca l comp l exi ty,

of the po l i ti cs of pro j ect de l i very and the dem and s of a wi der ecosystem

of des i gners , con su l tan ts and con tra ctors . Wh i l st the ed i tori a l work wa s

taken on a vo l un ta ry ba s i s , M an i expresses h i s thanks for the support

rece i ved from the Arup , for the time th a t i t took to a rri ve a t a qu a l i ty,

ea sy to read manu script, a imed a t promot ing exce l l en ce wi th in the

i ndu stry. Fu rther appreci a tion and thanks a re offered to h i s fam i l y,

friend s and co l l eagues for the understand ing , support and

en cou ragemen t over the yea rs wi thou t wh i ch a profess ion a l ca reer i n

te l ecommun i ca tion s wi th an exce l l en t track record and man y i con i c

a ch ievemen ts wou l d not h ave been poss ib l e .

M ike G i lmore wou l d l ike to th ank M an i M an i vann an for h i s pa ti en ce in

exp l a i n ing the con stru ction pro j ect-re l a ted con cepts ou tl ined in the book

wh i ch a l l owed M ike to map those a spects to the exi sti ng stand a rd i sa tion

l and scape tha t su rround s the des i gn , p l ann ing and imp l emen ta tion of

te l ecommun i ca tion s spa ces , pa thways and cab l i ng Al though the ed i tori a l

work wa s undertaken on a vo l un ta ry ba s i s over a period of more th an

twe l ve mon th s , the F ibreopt i c I ndu stry Associ a t ion provided a l l the

fi n an ci a l support for trave l and subs i sten ce du ring the deve lopmen t of

the book. M ike wou l d therefore l ike to th ank the Coun ci l and members

of the F ibreopti c Indu stry Associ a tion for the i r support wi thou t wh i ch th i s

book wou l d not h ave been pub l i shed . I t i s hoped th a t pro jects wh i ch

take accoun t of the idea s expressed wi l l ma i n ta in and extend the

i n sta l l a tion ri sk redu ction con cepts promoted by the F ibreopti c I ndu stry

Associ a t ion .

vi i i Telecommun ications Cabling

In trodu ction

In the 1 980s, structured cabling evolved to provide a solution for the

delivery ‘to the desk’ of a wide variety of different information

technology (IT) ‘applications’ and telephony over a common cabling

infra structure . Fortunately, th is in itia l implementation of integrated

office networks to support IT and telephony services involved

personnel that had some knowledge of each other’s expertise and

were involved at a specific point in the construction or refurbishment

of buildings.

With in commercia l prem ises, be they offices, industria l, reta il, etc. ,

the range of services that can be delivered over structured cabling

ha s grown a s the impact of Internet Protocol (IP) technology ha s

blossomed. The advent of wireless networking ha s not dim in ished

the role of structured cabling, a s the cabled subsystems for the

wireless distribution networks use applications that are specifica lly

designed to be supported over structured cabling.

When matched to the recent standardization of power over Ethernet

(PoE) and PoE-plus, wh ich is capable of providing approximately

25 W to each connected point, th is growth ha s been fed by a

sign ificant uptake in information commun ications technologies

(ICT)-application ba sed solutions for building management and access

control systems.

Th is more recent integration of services over IP networks is genera lly

termed ‘convergence’, and it ha s a great many impacts on the

preparation , design , pre-construction and construction pha ses of

building projects.

‘Convergence’ provides the same econom ic opportun ities en joyed by

the IT commun ity ‘to the desk’ via the use of common applications

ba sed on a common cabling infra structure . However, it presents the

construction industry with some serious cha llenges – and those

cha llenges are presented to personnel who are un likely to be fam iliar

with the ICT world.

Network con vergen ce forces the con s i dera tion of stru ctu red cab l ing in to

a l l the ph a ses of a bu i l d i ng pro j ect, due not on l y to the type of servi ces

the cab l i ng wi l l provi de , bu t a l so to the enh an ced requ i remen ts for

spa ce , e l ectri ca l power and envi ronmen ta l con tro l system s th a t may

resu l t.

Telecommun ications Cabling 1

The provi s ion of power vi a a network connect ion presen ts a s i gn i fi can t

opportun i ty for the network a tta chmen t of new types of devi ces ,

i n cl ud ing wi re l ess a ccess po i n ts , bu i l d i ng m anagemen t equ ipmen t

(envi ronmen ta l con tro l , access con tro l ) and su rve i l l an ce equ ipmen t (i .e . IP

camera s) . Moreover, wherea s the orig i na l u se of stru ctu red cab l ing

a l lowed mu l tip l e networks and app l i ca tion s to be provided over a

common i n fra stru ctu re i n the IT doma i n , the u se of stru ctu red cab l i ng to

support d i fferen t servi ces , su ch a s bu i l d i ng man agemen t and a ccess

con tro l , genera tes the provi s ion of mu l t ip l e in fra stru ctu res u s ing a

common set of componen ts . The in sta l l a tion of these i n fra stru ctu res wi l l

need to be comp l eted , and the networks may be requ i red to be

opera tion a l a t d i fferen t times du ring the con stru ction or refu rb i shmen t

of bu i l d ing s . In add i t ion , the opera tiona l respon s ib i l i ty of those

i n fra structu res wi l l l ie wi th d i fferen t pa rts of the org an i za tion , and th i s

i n trodu ces an add i tion a l l eve l of comp l exi ty i n the org an i za tion and

de l i very of cab l ing pro j ects .

To summa ri ze , the impa ct of convergen ce a ffects a wi der commun i ty of

speci fiers and trades , who h ave not been u sed to working together and

a re not awa re of the impa ct and tim ing of ea ch other’s cri ti ca l

deci s ion -maki ng ‘p in ch po in ts’ du ring the des i gn and con stru ct ion

processes .

Th i s promotes the need for a new approa ch i n the fo l l owing a rea s :

• the sa fegua rd i ng of spa ti a l i n fra stru ctu re i n a rch i tectu ra l des i gn ;

• the a ss ignmen t of appropri a te respon s ib i l i ti es , l i ab i l i ties and

wa rran ties ;

• stream l in ing of procu remen t to p l an ahead for ‘ ju st- in -t ime ’ and

‘we l l -before-t ime ’ con tra cts ;

• con stru ct ion sequen ci ng wi th respect to ea rl y benefi ci a l u se of the

te l ecommun i ca tion s in fra stru ctu re ;

• correct man agemen t of an orderl y comm i ss ion i ng process ;

• requ i remen ts for opera tion a l support wi th appropri a te

documen ta tion .

G u ide l i nes and sta temen ts of best pra cti ce a re benefi c i a l to those

org an i z ing the cab l i ng i n fra stru ctu re pro jects and the in fra stru ctu res th a t

i n tera ct wi th those cab l i ng system s . Th i s book provi des in form a tion to

those trades , su ch a s a rch i tects , qu an t i ty su rveyors and ma i n con tra ctors ,

tha t wi l l h ave to work a long s ide ICT or, more a ccu ra te l y,

te l ecommun i ca tion s profess iona l s , and who need to g ra sp the impa ct of

te l ecommun i ca tion s cab l i ng in fra stru ctu res tha t h ave now become

commonp l a ce , i f not mand a tory, in every type of prem i ses , rang i ng from

offi ces to apa rtmen t b l ocks , shopp ing cen tres to a i rports .

Introduction

2 Telecommun ications Cabling

NOTE : Th i s ed i tion of the documen t does not add ress homes (wh i ch a re covered in

a sepa ra te pub l i ca t ion (PAS 201 6 ) , ava i l ab l e free of ch a rge ) bu t does cover

mu l ti -tenan t prem i ses of a l l types , in cl ud ing commerc ia l , res iden t i a l and m i xed -u se

prem i ses .

Te l ecommun i ca t ion s techno log y trend s a re tru l y in terna t ion a l , and th i s

book h a s been crea ted for an i n tern a tion a l aud ien ce , wh i l e respect ing

the n a tu re of n a tiona l or l oca l regu l a tion s . In order to add ress th i s g loba l

readersh ip , the con s idera tion s of the book a re g i ven in the fo l lowi ng

order: the UK, other coun tries wi th i n the Eu ropean E conom i c Area served

by the Eu roNorm system and , l a st bu t not l ea st, emerg i ng ma rkets su ch

a s those i n the M i dd l e Ea st and As i a -Pa ci fi c.

The ea rl y chapters provide a ba s i c i n trodu ct ion to stru ctu red cab l i ng and

the deve lopmen t of con vergen t techno log ies , and provide a found a tion

for a l l readers , a s fo l l ows :

• Ch apter 1 : The need for stru ctu red cab l ing .

• Ch apter 2 : The u se of cab l i ng standa rd s wi th in bu i l d i ng des ign .

• Ch apter 3 : The impa ct of con vergen ce i n IP networks i n the bu i l t

envi ronmen t.

The l a ter ch apters provi de more ta rgeted i n forma tion re l a ted to speci fi c

a spects of con stru ction pro j ects , a s fo l lows :

• Ch apter 4: Org an i z i ng cab l ing pro jects .

• Ch apter 5 : M app ing bu s iness requ i remen ts to des i gn ob j ecti ves .

• Ch apter 6 : Des i gn stra teg ies and method s .

• Ch apter 7 : I den t i fyi ng and m anag ing techn i ca l ri sks .

• Ch apter 8 : I den t i fyi ng and m anag ing adm i n i stra ti ve ri sks .

• Ch apter 9 : Opera tion a l and m anagemen t i ssues .

• Ch apter 1 0 : Pro j ect cl ose-ou t.

NOTE : Append i x A con ta in s a b ib l iog raph y of a l l the stand a rd s men tioned in th i s

book.

Introduction

Telecommun ications Cabling 3

The fo l lowing ma tri x provi des a mapp ing wh i ch ind i ca tes the re l evan ce

of ea ch of these chapters to those in vo l ved i n the bu i l d i ng des i gn and

con stru ction processes .

4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

Pro j ect

Spon sors

• • ≈ • ≈ • •

Pro j ect

M an agers

• • ≈ • • ◊ •

Arch i tects • ≈ ≈ ≈ • ◊ ≈

Bu i l d i ng

Servi ces

Eng ineers

• ≈ • • ≈ ◊ ≈

Te l ecommun i -

ca tion s

Con su l tan ts

• • • • • • •

Other

speci a l i sts

◊ ≈ ≈ ≈ ◊ ◊ ◊

Quan ti ty

Su rveyors

◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ • ◊ ◊

Cab l i ng

I n sta l l ers

◊ ◊ ◊ • ◊ • ◊

Key

• E ssen ti a l

≈ Recommended

◊ Option a l

A l a rge number of stand a rd s have been pub l i shed to a ss i st the indu stry

profess ion a l in vo l ved i n the speci fi ca tion and dep loymen t of stru ctu red

cab l ing , i ndependen t of i ts subsequen t u se , bu t the re l a tion sh ips

between su ch stand a rd s and loca l and na t ion a l regu l a tion s a re not

a lways cl ea r, even for te l ecommun i ca tion s profess ion a l s . These stand a rd s

a re in trodu ced a s requ i red wi th in the ch apters bu t more deta i l ed

i n forma tion on the i r u se i s provi ded in Append i x A: Stand a rd s revi ew and

b ib l iog raph y.

Append i x B : Te l ecommun i ca tion s Overview provi des deta i l s of the va riou s

imp l emen ta tion so l u t ion s app l i cab l e for ea ch servi ce . The types of servi ce

and so l u t ion s a re sub j ect to con t inu a l evo l u tion , and new option s may

become ava i l ab l e th a t a re not con s idered in the append i x.

Introduction

4 Telecommun ications Cabling

Key terms

Te lecommun ications and IT - the term s ‘te l ecommun i ca tion s’

and ‘ i n forma tion techno l og y’ or ‘ IT’ a re u sed somewh a t

l ibera l l y and , to some deg ree , in terchangeab l y. In the ea rl y days

of stru ctu red cab l ing , ‘ IT’ tended to refer to

compu ter-to-compu ter commun i ca tion , and

‘te l ecommun i ca tion s’ genera l l y suggested te l ephony (i . e .

person -to-person commun i ca tion s) . H owever, the move towa rd s

d ig i ta l commun i ca tion s h a s b l u rred the bound a ries of ‘ I T’ (e .g .

a vo i ce-over-d a ta (Vo IP) servi ce i s the provin ce of ‘ IT’ ) .

Moreover, the term ‘te l ecommun i ca tion s’ h a s g rown to

en compa ss a l l form s of commun i ca t ion in cl ud i ng vo i ce , vi deo ,

d a ta , etc. Th i s book focu ses on the impa ct of th i s i n crea s ing

coverage of ‘te l ecommun i ca tion s’ over stru ctu red cab l i ng .

Te lecommun ications networks a re comb in a tion s of equ ipmen t,

cab l i ng and the a ssoci a ted tran sm i ss ion protoco l s u sed to

de l i ver pa rt i cu l a r servi ces to a u ser.

A g i ven network, su ch a s G i g ab i t E thernet, may in vo l ve the u se

of a number of d i fferen t G ig ab i t E thernet app l i ca tion s to

d i stribu te the servi ce i t ca rries from one p l a ce in the prem i ses

to another. For examp l e , 1 000BASE -SR (opti ca l fibre ) may be

requ i red between fl oors in bu i l d ing s , wherea s 1 000BASE -T

(ba l an ced cab l ing ) wou l d be u sed to the work a rea s i n those

bu i l d i ng s .

Servi ces - the type of servi ce th a t a network provides genera l l y

fa l l s in to the fo l l owing ca tegories :

• ICT (in form a tion commun i ca tion s techno log ies) – i n cl ud ing

te l ephon y and recogn i zed d a ta networks ;

• BCT (broad ca st commun i ca tion s techno l og i es) – focu s ing on

TV;

• CCCB (commun i ca tion , command and con tro l in bu i l d i ng s)

or BAS (bu i l d ing au toma tion system s) – u sed to con tro l

bu i l d i ng envi ronmen t, a ccess con tro l , etc;

• PMCA (process mon i tori ng , con tro l and au toma tion ) u sed

to con tro l i ndu stri a l produ ction and s im i l a r equ ipmen t .

Appl ications a re the tran sm i ss ion protoco l s u sed to de l i ver a

pa rti cu l a r servi ce .

Introduction

Telecommun ications Cabling 5