Biotechnology 101

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Biotechnology 101

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Recent Titles in the

Science 101 Series

Evolution 101

Randy Moore and Janice Moore

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Biotechnology 101

Brian Robert Shmaefsky

Science 101

GREENWOOD PRESS

Westport, Connecticut
London

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Shmaefsky, Brian.

Biotechnology 101 / Brian Robert Shmaefsky.

p. cm.—(Science 101, ISSN 1931–3950)

Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.

ISBN 0–313–33528–1 (alk. paper)

1. Biotechnology. I. Title.

TP248.215.S56 2006

660.6–dc22 2006024555

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.

Copyright © 2006 by Brian Robert Shmaefsky

All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be

reproduced, by any process or technique, without the

express written consent of the publisher.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2006024555

ISBN: 0–313–33528–1

ISSN: 1931–3950

First published in 2006

Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881

An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.

www.greenwood.com

Printed in the United States of America

The paper used in this book complies with the

Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National

Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984).

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Contents

Series Foreword xi

Preface xiii

1. The Definition of Biotechnology 1

Introduction 1

Contemporary Definitions of Biotechnology 4

Categories of Biotechnology 6

2. Basic Science of Biotechnology 19

Chemistry and Physics of Biotechnology 19

Basic Biology of Biotechnology 26

3. The Tools of Biotechnology 57

Introduction 57

The Tools 59

Amino Acid Analyzers 59

Amino Acid Sequencers 60

Balance 61

Bioreactor 63

Blotting Apparatus 67

Centrifuge 68

Chromatography 70

Chromatogram Scanner/Densitometer 73

Cryopreservation Equipment 74

Cytometer 76

DNA Sequencer 77

Electrophoresis 79

Electroporation Instrument 81

Filtration Apparatus 82

Gel Reader 85

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vi Contents

Gene Gun 86

Incubator 87

Isoelectric Focusing Apparatus 89

LIMS 90

Lyophilizer 90

Microarray Technology 92

Microplate Reader 94

Microscope 94

Microtome 96

Mixer 98

Nanotechnology 101

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Instrument 101

Particle Sizer 103

pH Meter 105

Pipette 107

Polarimeter 107

Rheometer 109

Spectrophotometer 110

Thermocycler 113

Thermometer Probes 114

Water Bath 115

Water Titrator 117

4. Biotechnology Innovations 119

The Creation of Innovations 119

History of Biotechnology Innovations 120

Biotechnology Innovations 126

Genomic Analysis Techniques 127

Genomic Expression Techniques 131

Proteomics Techniques 132

Metabolomics 136

Production of Genetically Modified Organisms 138

Cloning 142

5. Principal People of Biotechnology 147

Introduction 147

Contributors to Biotechnology 148

Al-Kindi 148

W. French Anderson 149

Werner Arber 149

Oswald T. Avery 150

David Baltimore 150

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Contents vii

George W. Beadle 151

William James Beal 152

Paul Berg 152

Herbert Boyer 153

Sydney Brenner 153

Pat Brown 154

George Washington Carver 154

Erwin Chargaff 155

Martha Chase 155

Stanley Cohen 156

Stanley N. Cohen 157

Francis S. Collins 157

Gerty and Carl Cori 158

Francis Crick 158

Charles Darwin 159 Felix d’Herelle ´ 159

Max Delbruck ¨ 160

Hugo de Vries 161

Renato Dulbecco 161

Paul Ehrlich 162

Alexander Fleming 163

Rosalind Franklin 163

Galen 164

Archibald Garrod 165

Walter Gilbert 165

Frederick Griffith 166

Henry Harris 166

Alfred Hershey 167

David Ho 168

Leroy Hood 168

Robert Hooke 169

John Hunter 169

Franc¸ois Jacob 170

Zacharias Janssen 171

Alec Jeffreys 171

Edward Jenner 172

Ernest Everett Just 172

Har Gobind Khorana 173

Shibasaburo Kitasato 174

Robert Koch 174

Arthur Kornberg 175

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viii Contents

Philip Leder 176

Joshua Lederberg 176

Antony van Leeuwenhoek 177

Rita Levi-Montalcini 177

Salvador Luria 178

Andre Lwoff ´ 179

Barbara McClintock 179

Ilya Mechnikov 180

Gregor Mendel 180

Johann Friedrich Miescher 181 Cesar Milstein ´ 182

Jacques Monod 182

Thomas Morgan 183

Hermann Muller 184

Kary Mullis 184

Daniel Nathans 185

Marshall Nirenberg 186

Severo Ochoa 186

Reiji and Tsuneko Okazaki 187

Richard Palmiter 188

Louis Pasteur 188

Linus Pauling 189

Max Perutz 190

Stanley Prusiner 191

Steven Rosenberg 192

Pierre Paul Emile Roux 192

Robert Rushmer 193

Frederick Sanger 193

Matthias Schleiden 194

Theodor Schwann 194

Maxine Singer 195

Lazzaro Spallanzani 196

Hermann Staudinger 196

Nettie Stevens 197

Alfred Henry Sturtevant 198

Walter Sutton 198

Wacław Szybalski 199

Howard Temin 200

Arne Tiselius 201

Alexander Todd 201

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Contents ix

Harold Varmus 202

Craig Venter 203

Rudolf Virchow 203

James Watson 204

Maurice Wilkins 205

Ian Wilmut 206

Glossary 207

References and Resources 235

Print 235

Web 243

Index 247

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Series Foreword

What should you know about science? Because science is so central

to life in the 21st century, science educators believe that it is essential

that everyone understand the basic foundations of the most vital and far￾reaching scientific disciplines. Science 101 helps you reach that goal—this

series provides readers of all abilities with an accessible summary of the

ideas, people, and impacts of major fields of scientific research. The

volumes in the series provide readers—whether students new to the

science or just interested members of the lay public—with the essentials

of a science using a minimum of jargon and mathematics. In each

volume, more complicated ideas build upon simpler ones, and concepts

are discussed in short, concise segments that make them more easily

understood. In addition, each volume provides an easy-to-use glossary

and an annotated bibliography of the most useful and accessible print

and electronic resources that are currently available.

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Preface

Biotechnology can be considered as the “automobile” of the 21st cen￾tury. It is affecting almost every aspect of society in the same way as the

first mass production automobile changed the world in the late 1800s.

Many historians view that automobile as a phenomenal technology that

brought about unparalleled global prosperity. Biotechnology is likely to

bring global prosperity by providing more effective ways to grow foods,

manufacture commercial products, produce energy, and treat diseases.

The number of new biotechnology applications that make their way

into society is increasing rapidly every year. More and more government

and university laboratories are dedicating resources to biotechnology

research and development. Biotechnology is becoming an increasingly

popular career choice for college students enrolled in biology, chem￾istry, engineering, and physics programs. Many law schools offer courses

and specialties in biotechnology-related areas. Allied health profession￾als must now receive continuing education training to understand the

growing number of medical biotechnology applications they are en￾countering today and in the near future.

There have been considerable benefits and risks to every technol￾ogy that has been introduced throughout the world in the past three

centuries. For example, the automobile paved the way for rapid trans￾portation that spurred the growth of suburbs and fast food restaurants.

However, the automobile is blamed for depleted fossil fuel reserves

and for considerable amounts of air pollution. The benefits of current

biotechnology applications include improvements in agricultural prod￾ucts, safer medicines, precise treatments for genetic disorders, accurate

medical diagnosis technologies, environmentally cleaner ways of pro￾ducing commercial chemicals and crops, and alternatives to fossil fuels.

Many of the risks include biodiversity and environmental damage caused

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xiv Preface

by genetically modified organisms, unknown health risks of genetically

modified foods, the potential for creating a means of inexpensive bio￾logical terrorism, and the ethic issues of cloning and gene therapy.

This book was designed to provide the reader with the basic principles

of modern biotechnology. It addresses the full range of biotechnology

techniques and applications used in agriculture, commercial manufac￾turing, consumer products, and medicine. The history of biotechnology

is also covered including many of the scientists who contributed to the

development of modern scientific thought and biotechnology princi￾ples. Readers are encouraged to use the unbiased information provided

in this book to formulate rational opinions about the benefits and risks

of biotechnology. It is also hoped that readers will appreciate the won￾ders of biotechnology and the creative ways in which scientists can use

nature to improve human lives.