Auto CAD cho tự động hóa thiết kế

TS. NGUV£N VAN HIEN

AUTOCAD

CHO TU OONG HOA THIET KE

• •

Sach dung cM sinh vien cac trllilng kY thu(lt

(Tai bdn ldn flut hai)

AUTODESK

NHA XUAT BAN GlAo Dl,IC

..

N gay nay khoa h9C kj thutjt phat triln rat nhanh chong, doi hoi m6i thanh vien

trang xii h~i phdi thudng xuyin njp nht)t kiin thuc mCri, c6ng ngh? mCri. Tin h9C dang

dUf1c ung dlfng r~ng riii va co hi~u qud cao trong cae linh v¥c cua dlii s6ng, trong

khoa hqe kj thutjt va quan [y, kinh doanh.

Trang vi~c tl! dqng hoa thiet_ ke'va dilu khie"n san xuat, -tin hqc cung dang dU{1c

ling dlfng nhie'u. Phon mbn AutoCAD cua hang Autodesk dang dU{1c sri dlfng ngay

cang r~ng r{ii, diJc bi~t trong thilt kl cac ban vi' kiln true, xdy d1fng, ve ca khi, di~n

tu, hdng kh6ng, bdn dd, sa d6 v.v ...

6 Vi4t Nam nhie'u lfnh VIfC san xmit, khoa hqc ky thUtjt va doi sling dang doi hoi

cac ky thutjt vien sri dl!ng ttIt phon me'm AutoCAD trong cong vi?c cua minh.

CU6'n sach nay t{lO dieu ki~n cho b{ln dflc khai thac AutoCAD mt)t each de dang,

co phucmg phap. No dUf/e duc kit III nhilng niim giang dflY cho sinh vien cac truang ky

thutjt va cae ca quan thilt ke~ T iii li¢u L·O 3 phon:

- Phon mt)t: tll chucmg 1 den chuang 8, trinh bay cach ltjp ban vi' phJng (2D);

- {'han hai: tll chuang 9 den chucmg 12, trinh bay cach t{lO ban vi'm6 hlnh kh6ng

gian (3D); each xudt m~t ban vi'ma hl'nh sang phdn mem khac va ra giay; ngoai ra

huimg dan blJn dflC each tflo hinh anh dqng.

- Phon ba: huimg dan thlfC hanh cac bai ttjp t6ng hqp dl b{ln dqe tlf hqc m~t each

de dang.

Cuan sach nay nhu m~t giao trinh rna Cae b{ln t6 thl dung dl II! h'lc va tham khao

ling dl:'ng rat thutjn /¢ trong thiet kl cae /Jan ve.

Tuy nhien do trinh dq co hlJn, sach edn co thie" 501. mong b{ln dqc dong gop y

kUn. Thu gop y xin gw ve dia chi: Nhd ':coo, ban diao dlf.c· - 81 Tran HUng D{lO - HiJ

Nri. HOfle theo di?n tho{li cua tac gid : 8693418.

TACGIA

3

CHUONG J

? -' ....

MO DAU VE AUTOCAD

1.1. GIOI THI¢U AUTOCAD

Trang th~p ky 90, vi¢c khai thac di~n tmio ia van d~ hang driu d~ nang cao nang sufit,

.hi~u qu{'\ cang vi¢c (1 c;ic dan V! kinh te, ky thu~t. M¢t trang nhung l"inh VL!C (juan tn;mg eua

Tin h9c Ii! ky thu(11 do hQ<l Iren may tfnh ullg dl,mg trong de 110h VL!C khoa hQc ky thu~t (d~c

hi¢t III b'lil vc 'hie! ke). Co ohieu h~ thong chuang Irinh da duqc xtlY d'!I1g eho tl! d¢ng haa

thiet ke. Nam 19X5 c6 cUQc Irico Jam v~ "Ky thu(11 may tfoh eha thiet ke xay dL!ng" t .... i thanh

ph6 Chicago da gioi thi¢u ohieu h¢ thong phi'in mem eho thiel ke Irq giup bang may tfnh

kha mo.toh. VI dl,lllhu:

- H¢ thong SAP (Structural Analysis Programs) cua My, de C(lp den phuong phap philo

lu hilu h •. 1n va ky thu<~t kct cau trang nganh x[ty dl,Ing.

- H¢ CHARVITE ella hang Le Mousieur Consultant eua Phap M thiet ke, tfnh toan va

ve de mai khung nhiL Di).e bi~t h¢ nay co th~ "dQe" ban ve.

- H¢ SSCAD eua hang Space Structure Internation Corporation cua My de tfnh tmin,

thiet ke va II! d¢ng hoa ehuydn IU giai do""n thiet ke den dieu khien cac thiet bi che t<,to

(CAD/CAM).

- HG AUSTIN (Automated Structural Design lntergrated System) cua NhQ.t dung de thiet

kc eho nh~l 100 tdng.

- H¢ BUILDS (Building Design System) eua NamTrieu Ti~n dung de t1nh toan ket c:iu

thep, be-tong, nen mong va, tfrih,kh6i luqng. gla thanh, 've ban ve.

- H~ MICROFEAP cola lMiLan dung trohg thi€t k~ ktt cau h~thanh. dam. "im.

- H~ phan m~m CADKEY eua hang CADKey vll h¢ AutoCAD eua hang AutoDesk elLa

My duqe su dl,lng rAt n)ng rai tr~n.the gi6LNhung h¢ AutoCAD Iii. hang dang dan dau v~

h~ th6ng thiet ke trq gi6p bang rnaY tlnh. No Ia phan mem rii'l m<,tnh, cung cfip cac IGnh M

t<;lo l~p ban ve chinh xae, nhanh eh6ng va sua dOi dugc ngay. AutoCAD con cho pticp

nguoi thiet k€ d!ch ehuyen, sao ehep, tay x6a. lhu phong va sap d~t cae d6i tuqng ve. No

co the xufft ban ve ra gifiy qua lTI"l.y ve (Piotter) hay may in (Printer) bang d.e C[1lI l~nh

dan gUm. D[ly In. h¢ thong ma cho phep nguoi' su dl:mg 11,1' 1<;'.0 them cae tiGn feh. cae ung dl;lng

rieng va giao tiep vai cae phan mem khac. Cho nen kha nang (mg dl;lng ella AutoCAD la rat

r¢ng rai.

C6ng ngh~ thiet kc va gia eong duqe trq giup eua may tfnh (CAD_Computer Aided

Design. CAM_Computer Aided Manufacturing) dang duqe sir dl,lng nhi~u trong cae I1nh

5

vt!-c ley thu~t va trong silO xuilt. No thvc sv thay d6i v~ chilt trong cOng tac thii!t ki!, gia cOng

va mang l~i nang sua"t lao d¢ng cao h<1I1, chilt lUQIlg t6t h<1I1 .

• AutoCAD thuOng duqc ling d~ng trong cac finh V1!c sau: ve kien trUc, xay dvng, ve ky

thu~t ca khi, -di¢n tir, O-t6, h~mg khOng, ve ban d6, thitt kt studio nha hat, quay phim, ve cae

'~itu trang ,tri, thiep mai v. v ...

AutoCAD dii duqc nghi~n cUu nhi~u u) nhiing nam 80, wi nam 1987 phitn ban 10

(Release 10) eq ban daqc hoan thi¢n. Cho toi nay dii co phi~n ban 12, 13, 14 duqc ph6 bii!n

khfip the giOi. 0 Vi¢t Nam AutoCAD cGng dang duqc Urig d\1ng trong nhi~u finh V1!c; nhu

du sii d\;lng AutoCAD dang tra thanh ca"p thiet d6i voi nhieu ngam.

1.2. MO DAU vt AUTOCAD

1.2.1. So db quan h~ ngulri . may trong to d(lng bOa YO thiet ke

I nhi¢m Vt;I thiet ke I

J

I ngum thiet ke I

J I giao di~n ngum - may (inteface)

+ - philn om!m h~ th6ng

- ph:in mem chuyen d\mg

~ ca sa d6 hQa MAYTiNH W. dii' li~u

, ket qua

1.2.2. Yeu du thi€t bi de' ch~y AutoCAD

.. May tinh (Computer)

- m~y vi!! (Plotter)

- may in (Printer)

VaiAutoCAD release 12 (viet tfit laACAD12) doi hoi may I01,li IBM ho~c tuang thich,

co b¢ nho RAM t6i thieu 4MB, nhmg thea y~u cau la phai 8MB, d6ng thai may phai co b~

d6ng xii ly toan thl!C sv Co-processor 8087. Cho n~n co the dung may AT 386 dllqc cai th~m

Co-processor 8087. ho~c may AT486. AT586 thi t6t han.

V"i ACADl4. may can t6i thi.!" 8MB RAM. may AT586 va chay trong WINDOWS-95

hay WINOOWS-NT4.x.

.. Man hinh

V 6i ACAD 12 nen dung card man hlnh c6 b¢ nho 1 MB tra Jen, ho~c c6 th~ dung 2 man

hinh: m¢t man hinh Graphics va mQt man hlnh lext.

6

• Dill dIng

ACADI2 can may co 6 cling. Vai ACADI2 <Ii. cling can t6i thitu 20MB b(> nha, nhtmg

thea y~u cilu phai la 50MB. Ngoai ra vi~c xit 15' thea ch€ dQ b" nha ao (Virtual ',Memory)

cho n~n doi hoi dung h.tQ'Og dia tr6ng cang nhi~u cang t6t.

• 6 tfia mem: dn co 6 dia mem m~t dQ cao.

• Thilt b! vao: chUQt (mouse) ho~c b!lO di~n tit (Tablet).

* H~ dieu hanh: h~ dieu hanh PC_DOS, MSJ)OS (Version 3.3 ho~c mai hem).

• Thill bi xuat ban vi'ra: co thi dung may ve (Plotter) ho~ may iu (Printer).

1.2.3. Giao di~n AutoCAD

a. KhOi diing AU/DeAD

co 2 cach d6 khiri d~ng AutoCAD :

1- Khffi dQng bang file acad.exe: Gia sit AutoCAD duqc cai d~t vao 6 ctffig C: vai t~n

thu m\lc la ACAD, b~n hay go tu ban phim 4i dau nhac cua DOS:

C:\> CD ACAD ',J <vao thu m~c ACAD>

C:\ ACAD > acad,J <ch~y file .cad.exe>

2- KhiJi dOng bang file b61~nh (Batch file) c6 duOi .BAT; VI d~ .el2.b.t; b~n chi vi~c

go t~n "ac12" t~i defu nhAc h¢ th6ng:

C:\> acll ,J

Chu y: Khi b<).n dii t!).o Batch file dlchl,lY ACAD. thi ACAD dn khbi d{)ng bang ten Batch file d6.

Dtra; day la m~t VI d~ ~o n~i dung file b.tch viri ten "ACI2.BAT' de khai d~ng

ACADI2:

SET ACAD=C:'ACA1JI.SUPPORT;C:\ACAD\ FONTS;C:'ACAIJ\ADS

SET ACADCF(M;:\ACAD

SET ACADDRV=C:\ACAJN)RV

C:\ACAD\ACAD.EXE 1 % 2%

SET ACA[):=

SET ACADCFG=

SET ACADDRV::::

DOng thu 1,2, 3 d~t cac bien mOi troang cho AutoCAD. DOng thtl 5,6,7 de x6.

cae bien.mOi truUng da cM d~t sau khi thoat khbi AutoCAD.

b. Man hinh Au/oCAD'

D6i vOl ACADI2 man hloh la man blnh graphics, xem hlob I-I.

Man hlnh do h9' AutoCAD bao g6m cac pMn s.u day:

1· Viing dol h<)a (Graphics area)

2 - Dong I~nh (Command line): 11\ no'i ~ao l¢nh' va hi¢n cae nhAc nha. No nam a dum

day man hlnh. .

3 - Dong tr~ng th.U (Status line): lJ tr!n diJ;ih man hlnh. N6 thOng bao tn:mg thai hi~n

thai cua ban ve. Vi dl,l t~n lap hi~n thail cac mode xac dinh t93 dQ con tro (Cross hair).

4 ~ UCS icon: H\ bieu tuqng v6cta h~ th6ng t(;la ~. N6 n~m a g6c duai - trni cua man

hlnh.

S -,Screen Menu: nam ben ph3i m~n hlnh, dung-d~ vao l~nh bang con chuQt (Mouse)

h~~c bang bang di~n tu (Tablet). Mu6n g9i l¢nh. ~ dua con tro chu¢t t6'i kich sang I~nh

cin ch9n va bam phim tnii chu¢t (pick button, hlnh 1-2), ho~c in Enter.

7

utllitles loaded

Hlnh I-I: MrmhlnhACADl2.

CUsor menu button 6 - Pull-Down Menu

Pick bullon

I'

I I

Ilnh 1-2.

L

Enter button

V"

UI thl!e dcm trilj xu6ng va cae hl)p tho<;li, Khi b""n

dua con tro chul)t len dong tr'.lng thai (status line), man

hlnh hj~n ra dong Menu Bar, bt),Jl chc,m m(lt menu se

hi~n ra bllllg menu Inii xu6ng (hlnh 1,-3), Tll menu lraJ

xu6ng b""n chon J¢nh bfmg each di con tro chu,,' kfch

sang ten l¢nh va btlm phfm trili chu(lt (Pick button) ho.)e

5n Enter.

- Th~/c don con lro (cursor menu)

D6i vai chul)t 3 mit bam, b5m nut gina (ho~c rin

Shifl+nut phai) se hi¢n ra h"p cursor menu.

c. each )'lio 1~llh di A lIloeAD IJ",lc hi~n

Khi b duai day mall hlnh hi~n ra lai nhAc "Command:" tlre la AutoCAD dang san sang

ti€p nh~n It;nh ella b<;lll dua ra. B<,ln c6 the V30 l~nh bfing 2 each sau day:

I - Vao l~nh tu ban phim: bf,m go ten l¢nh tll ban phfm sau d6 an Enter ho~c

Space-bar de AutoCAD thlfc hi~n.

2 - Vilo I~nh tit Menu: bq.n dung chuQt ho~c lh.blet chi cho AutoCAD bi€t bf,m mu6n

ve b duu va vc di gl. oci Hl.In dieu d6 bq.n hay chuyen con tro laj Screen Menu fJ ben phai

m~m hlnh, di con Iro kich sang I~nh va bt\"m phfm Imi chu(ll (Pick). 8q.n cung c6 the dua con

tro tai dong menu-bar b tren dinh man hlnh, kich sang m"t menu b'.ln mu6n, nhay phfm

Pick ehu", sc hi¢n ra Pull-Down Menu de bq.1l chqn J¢nh.

Neu dung phfm ehu", thu 3 (gifra) ella ehu(lt ho~c A'n Shifl+phfm phai ChUQI, AutoCAD

se dua ra Ihlfc dcm con Iro (Cursor menu) de b'.ln gQi I~Jlh OSNAP (xem chucmg 2,

li€12-12).

8

Donut

Ellipse

Polygon

Rectangle

Insert ...

3D Surfaces

Hatch ...

Text

Dimensions

Hlnh 1·3: Pull-Down Menu ellll ACADI2.

B<,ln c6 th~ l~p l~i mQt I~nh vtra Si'l d~mg b~ng each an phlm chuQt ben phai ho~c Enter,

ho~c Space-bar.

d. Sil' d(lflg cac ky t(t lUlu khid'n, cac phim chrlc nang, go tilt l¢nh

Ngoai cae phfm Enter, Space/wr hay phfm chuQt, cae eh{rc nang dieu khi6n con g6m 2

phfm: Ctrl+ mQt phim khac.

Ctrl + C : M huy bo 1 l~nh;

Ctrl + G = F7 : M b~t/dl ch€ di) hi~n l .. oi (GRID);

Ctrl + 0 ::: F8 : b~t/tat eh€ d¢ ve th~ng dung/nam ngang (Orlho mode);

Ctrl + B = F9 : M b,H/'," ch€ d6 lao l .. oi (SNAP);

Ctrl + 0 ::: Fl : chuy~n Itl man hlnh Text sang mim hlnh Graphics va nguqe If,li;

F6 : b~t/tat vi~c hi¢n tQa do t~i di6m con Iro dt'mg.

* Cac l¢nh co the' go tat

A::: l¢nh are

C :::: Circle

E :::: Erase

L:::: Line

LA:::: Layer

e. Cach vdo dii: lieu

M::: Move

P:::: Pan

PL:::: PLine

R::: Redraw

Z:::: Zoom

SU dl;lng h¢ don vj do chieu dai va do g6e deu cho a dl..mg Ih~p phan. Trj s6 dua tir ban

phfm vao Ht s6 nguyen hay s6 c6 mang dtlu cham th~p ph1)n. G6c co g6c 0 huang sang phili

va ehieu tang ella g6e theo chieu nguqc veti chicu quay kim dOng hO.

C6 th~ vao dO' li¢u til ball phim, vao b~ng phfm ehuQI, tablet va eae phlm djeh chuytn

sqi t6c (Cross hair).

9

• Ctfc c6ch~""h~ 41lm

+ GO ~Ao'-tQa dQ tuy~t d6i ella diem

+ GO vllQ tQa dQ hrrmg d6i ella diem

+ DUng -phim chul)t, tablet chi diem

+ DUng phim di chuyen tr~n b~m phim

+ Diing Object snap (bilt d6i tuqng) d~ neo con tro vai d6i tuqng dii ve. Duai day trlnh

bay cae each cho diem hang t<;>a d¢ thuang dung trong thi¢'t k€:

• T(}a dl) tuy~t d61

T<;>a d¢ tuy~t d6i til tr~ 56 thl!c ella cae t<;>a d¢ x,Y,z so ~Oi gae o. B~n co the bb qua tq

s6 z, hie c1y AutoCAD them van gia tri z bang tQa d¢ hi¢n thai

Vi d~ : 3, 12.5 (x=3, y=12,5)

• T(}a dt) tuong d(j'i

TQa d¢ wang d6i Hl tQa d¢ so vOi diem dii chi d!nh truuc do. De cho tQa d¢ tlIang d6i

b~n phai them dau @ (At-sign) phfa tnlOc tQa d¢:

@X2,Y-2 so vai diem trl16c do (Xl,Yl) lam goc.

Vi d1,l: 010 P2: @S.S, -to, n~u diem chi d~nh tnIac dola Pl(lOO, 50), lhi tQa dQ luang

d6i do llIang dUo'I1g vai tQa d¢ tuy~t d6i la (105.5, 40).

• TiJa dt) clfC tuang dOl

TQa d¢ C,!C dlIqc cho biing ban kinh p va g6c quay <po TQa dl) c,!c tlIang d6i dlIqc cho

nhlI sau: @ p < <p

Vi d1,l: @ 10< 30.5, nghia la p=lO, goc d~nh hlICmg c.p=30030''so voi di~m vira chi d~nh

lrU6c do.

• T!Ja dt) tr~: vi d1,l cho 8<45, 20 nghia ta p=8, c.p=45° va z=20.

• TfJa til! cci'u,: vi d1,l cho 8<'45<30 nghia ia p=8, <p=45° va goc so voi m~t phfuJg (x,y)

11130° .

• H~tfJa~

co 2 h~ th6ng toa d~: wes (World Coordinate System) 10 h~ toa d~ tM gi&i bay h~

toa d~ chuiln; h¢ thu hai lit ues (Usre Coordinate System) lit h~ tQa d~ ngum dung "10 ra.

+ Hf t9a dr) the' gim WCS: la h¢ tQa dt) chmin c6 dinh. Do 1;\ h¢ tQa dl) D~-cac thang

g6c, trong d6 tfl:lc 'X nam ngang, trI,lc y thang dUng so v(ri man hinh, con m,.c z vuOng

goc voi x,y. M~t ph~ng (xy) dlIqc gQi la mi).t ph1lng kic!n t~o (Constuction Plane), xem

hlnh 1-4.

y

Y(jt pha,q kien tQo

Hlob 1-4 Mloh 1-5

10

+ H~ f(j(j d¢ IIg/(oi dllllg UCS :

H¢ nay do b,!-n tl! t'!-o va co the d~t a bal ky vj 11'1 nao b<;ln mu6n. No giup b~n ve die d6i

tlCQl1g 3 ehi6u (3D) mqt each de. dang. S6 luqng cae UCS HI kh6ng hqn chc'. Cho nen tren

m6i ni~t elJa v~t th~ 3 chi6u bZ.1n d~t mQt UCS rieng de dua v6 ve trong 2 chi6u (2D) mqt

deh d~ dang. ~ tQa d6 duqc djnh huang bang bi~u tltqng (Coord inate System Icon). Bl;In

hay xem vi d~1 hinh J -50 tren.

Chi cluj: D~ xJ.c dinh huang dU'O'ng lr~lc z, nglfoi ta dung LJuy I ttl: b~n lay phi'li. Hay d~l1 bim lay phai 0 vi

tri sao cha ng6n cUi dqc theo chieu du'ang tryc x, ng6n Iro d<;IC chi6u dU'O'llg y, va ng6n giiJa g~p l~i vuOng g6c

v6i ng6n cui va ng6n \fa sc chi lmOng dU'O'llg ln~c z .

1.2.4. Cae I¢nh ti¢n ich (Utility Commands)

LENH HELP HAY ?

Trong ACAD co ho'Tl 100 l~nh vai nhieu ll!a ch9n (Options). ACAD cung cap ~nh

HELP de eho b<;ln ro chi tiet ve tUng 1~l1h hOi!-c danh sach to~m b¢ cae I¢nh cua ACAD.

Vi dlr De xem chi tiet ve l¢nh ZOOM, b~n go vao dong l¢nh sau:

Command: help

Command name (Return for List): zoom

Sau khi vao l¢nh, man hinh xufft hi¢n hqp tho,!-i HELP. Trong do co cac m~c:

+ Help Item (nwc can trq glup): h<.lIl c6 the g5 ten l¢nh vao.

+ Index: khi b<;ln barn vao phfm Ihdex ACAD li¢t ke ra tat d. dc I¢nh va d.c bien. B,!-n

cJ1Qn ml,lc dn xem va nilan vuo OK.

Li;:N H FILES

L¢nh nay d~ hi¢n ra dc FILES trang tllu rnl,lc, ho~c de x6a, dOi ten, sao chep cac files:

Command: files

Sau khi vao ~nh se hi¢n ra hQp Iho~i co nQi dung nhu tren (hlnh 1- 6).

File Utilities

List files ... ] I Copy tile... II Rename file ... I

I Delete tile ... I I Unlock file .. ] I E~it I

H'inh 1-6: Ifl)p Iho<.li ti9n fch FILE ctm ACAD12 _

Li;:NH SHELL (SH)

L¢nh nay eho phcp b:~m tht!c hi n e<l.c li¢n Ich eua h¢ di6u hlmh DOS lrong khi van

con dang 0 t['ong m6i truang ACAD.

Command: sh

DOS command: (b~n vao ten ~n h cua DOS)

De tro ve ACAD b,!-n hay go EXIT.

Li;:NH STATUS (TRANG THAI)

L¢nh nay th6ng bao tr~ng thai hl9n thai cua blm vi!: klch thtroc bim ve, kieu dUOng

net, lap ve vv ...

II

LENHNEW

U;nh NEW de bar dAu ban ve

maio Sall khi gQi I¢nh \y mQl hQp

tho<.ti "Create NC\\i Drawing" xua'

hien nhu hlnh 1-7 ..

D~ d~t ten eho ban ve m6"i b~n

g6 ten bim ve vao 6 "New Drawing

Name", duOi t¢p tin ban ve

".DWG" ACAD tu them vao. Neu

b~n danh da'u "x" VaG 6 "No proto~

type" rue la b~n kh6ng dlmg b~m ve

mftu rieng nao, ACAD se It! dQng

dua vao eho ban vi! mai mt)t ban ve

m&u theo aead.pat. Nell b~n mu6n

ban ve mai co slr d~mg bim ve mau

rieng da: e6, bi.lI1 can nhan phfm

ehllQt vao 6 "Prototype", rai dua

Create New Drawing

lJololype:;; ] Ic"'c::d _______ ---'

o No Prolotype

o Retain as Default

I Ne. Orowing N,med ,,=11 =c-==,---------'

W iCancel1

Hlnh 1-7: H¢p tho'.li voi I~nh NEW cila ACADt2.

ten t~p mfill (d 6 rna va dUOng dAn neu dn) va~. San vB mau nay da: duqe djnh d~ng ve doo

vi do, giai h~n ve, khung ban ve, d~t cae lap ve, die tham s6 kfeh thucre ...

ehn thich: Khi eho bien FILEDIA gia trj 0, ACAD12 kh6ng dltd r:I h(Jp thol)i. Khi d6 b,!n vao ten ban

ve moi eho dong nh~c snu:

12

Enter NAME of Drawing:

8l)n eh(;m I lrong 3 deh tra lai sau:

a. Go ten bim ve van (tlee Iii dung bim vi; m~lI m~e djnh trong acad.pnt)

b. GOlen ban vi! mm = len ban ve lmiu (VI d~: True 1= MAU2)

c. Go Itn han vi; m6i = (IUC la b'.1Il khong dung ban ve mau nito. vi d~. Trucl=).

LENHOPEN

L¢nh nay d~ 111& mQt bim ve dfi co ra dci so~n thao.

Sau khi gQi I~nh OPEN, hi~n ra hQp tho'.!i nhu hlnh 1-8.

File t:!ame:

1··dWg

engine.dwg

housepln.dwg

nozzle3d.dwg

pentagon.dwg

planplOf.dwg

psfilpal.dwg

psglobe.dwg

uhadow.dw

•

•

Open Drawing

Q.irectOlies:

d:\acad\sampfe

I. OK

I, Cancel ..

!Jpe II

find File ...

I

I

Lisl Files 01 Type: Oriyes:

",IO",ra",wi", ng"'·,,.Oc: W..:G,--) _""I hl 1121 d: graph Ipu

DRead Onl/ Mode

Ii.] D ~elecllnilial View

H1nh 1·8: H¢p tho,!-i l~nh OPEN ell<! ACADI2.

_ Trong d6 b<.tn chQn thl! rnl;lc chua t¢p ban ve dn matrong 0 "Directories". •

_ 0 hQp "Files" b<;tn dung con tro chuQt kfch sang ten t¢p va bam phfm pick chuQt de

chQn t¢p can ma. Ho~c b<.tn cGng co the g5 ten t~p vao 0 nho "Filcs"a ph fa du6'i .

_ Ban danh dau "x" vao 0 "Select initial view" d~ hien anh bim ve ra xem tntoc.

_ N6u b<.tn danh dffu "x" vao 0 "Read Only Mode" th1 ban ve duqc rna ra chi d~ xern m~l

khOng sua d6i duqc.

_ Cu6i clll1g b~n bam vao OK t~p tin b~m ve do se dUQ'c ma ra.

_ Tntang hqp b"-l1l khOng rnu6n rna ban ve ra nu-a, hay nhay chuQt vao 0 "Cancel".

LENH CAT BAN vii (GHI LEN DIA)

Co 2 each cat bim ve khac nhau nlm sau:

1- Command: save

cat ban ve vai ten cO Illc gQi ra.

2- Command: save as

HQp tho<.ti hi¢n ra b<.ln eho ten file va duang d§.n moi de cat bun ve.

LENH THOAT KHOI ACAD (L~NH QUIT)

Command: quit

Sau khi v~\o I¢nh QUIT mall

hlnh xufit hi¢n hQp tho;:ti de b<.ln

Il!a chQIl (hlnh 1-9). Drawing Modilication

+ Save changes ... : c6 cat

nhling thay d6i ella ban ve

khong.

r:o""'"""7,...",Th';'C';'CU"1rrent drawing has been ~ch.:.:a~ng~e.:.:d. __ -,

lliscard Changes I£.n~el. Command I

+ Discard changes: bo qua

cac thay dOi, khOng cat.

+ Cancel command: hi'ly bo

I¢nh QUlT

LENH UNITS

Hlnh 1-9: HQp thO'.li l¢nh QUIT ella ACADI2.

L¢nh nay d€ xac d!nh don V! ve (do chieu dai, do goc, dQ chinh xac).

Command: units

Units report formats: (Examples)

1. Scientific 1.55E+0 1

2. Decimal 15.50

3. Engincaring 1'_3.50"

4. Architectual l' 3.1/2"

5. Fractional (h6n sO) 15.1/2

Enter choice, I to 5< ... >: 2

D6i voi tieu chuan Vi¢t Naill (TCVN) ch9n 2 (h¢ met). V6'i eac h!a chQn 1,2,3 thl

xuat hi¢n dong nh~c sau day de b"tn ch9n ti€p s6 so \e sau da"u phay (dau cham trong

ti€ng Anh):

Number of digits to right of decimal point (0 to 8)< ... >: (cho s6 s61e sau dau phfiy

thap phan, til I den 8).

Neu chQn chuc nang 4, 5 lh. nhl'ic nho tiep Sf Iii:

Denominalor of smallest fraction to display(l, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16,32 or 64)< ... >: (b'.ln chQn

mall s6 Clla ph.1n ph~n so nha nhA't).

Sau do I~nh UNITS thOng bao tiep de' b,!n chQn dan V! do goc nhu sau:

13

Report formal: (Examples)

I. Decimal degrees 45.0000

2. Degree/Minutes/Seconds 45 d O' 0"

3. Grad 50.0000 g

4. Radiant 0.7854 r

5. Surveyor's units (dan vi ban dO) N 45d 0' 0" E

Enter choice, I to 5< ... >: 2

Theo TCVN b<.ln nen chQn 2 (d,,/phlit/git\y). Sau do ACAD nhflc nhe, tiep de b",n chQn

s6 chO hien lhi phfin Ie clla gOc:

Number of fractional places for display of angle(O to 8)< ... >:

Bfty giu ACAO nhk nhi1 ehQn huang chuan ella g6c:

Direction for angle 0: (huang ella g6c 0)

East 3 o'clock = 0

North 12 o'clock = 90

West 9 o'clock = 180

South 6 o'clock = 270

Enter direction for angle 0< ... >: (b',111 chQn goc 0° bang go 0, hay chQn 90, 180,270).

Cu6i cimg de chon chitu duang clla gOc, ACAD nhac nhc,:

Do you want angles measured clock wise?< ... >:

Il.::m tnl lai "Y" la d6ng y gOc do thea ehieu quay kim d6ng h6, ho~e uN" thea chitu

nguqc I""i (TCVN cho goc ducmg quay nguqc chitu kim d6ng h6).

Chu thieh:

1- ACADt2 con dlla ra Mnh DDUNITS

de hi¢n hQp IhO<,li eho b':ln h!a'chQnlhco cae

nQi dung 1tt(1I1g Ilf nhu Iren. xem hlnh 1-10.

2- li~l 1.2.3 tr~n dAy dii Irinh bay 2

cach SQi J¢nh Clla AutoCAD: m¢1 la go len

I¢nh lit ban phim; hai Iii van Itnh tit Screen

Menu ho~c Menu Bar. 0 drty muOn gQi lenh

UNITS tit Menu la lam nhu sau: bl!-n dung

chuQI kfch sang SE111NG tren Menu

dQC(Scn:cn Menu), ho~c tTen Menu ngang

(Menu &tr), sau d6 di con Iro t6i Mnh

UNITS va nhay phfm pick chu(ll v1\.o d6. Ta

bieu thi qu6 Ir"inh gqi I~nh UNITS tit Menu

nhu sau:

Units

o .scientific

®[~etlm~:!J

o ,Engineering

o Architectural

o fractional

erecision:

10.0000

Units Control

Angles

® Decimal Degrees

o Deg/Min/Sec

o .Grads

o Badians

o Suryeyor

Precision:

IiI 1

0 Screen Menu> SE1TJNG > Units IiI

Menu &tr> SE1TJNG > Units Control OK II Cancel II12hectlon ... llllelp ... I

L$NII LIMITS

L¢nh nay dtmg de d~1 giai h<,ln

vung ve (khO bim vel.

IIlnh 1-10: Htlp thoai I~nh DDUNITS Clla ACADI2.

Command: limits

ON/OFF/<Lowcr left corner>< ... >:

- Dap rn~c d!nh: cho diem gOc tn,i duai

- ON/OFF: neu Ira lui ON b~n chi ve duoc iJ ben lrong mU!n giai h<.tn LIMITS; con tni

lui OFF b<;11l co lh~ ve c;l trong va ngoai LIMITS da d(ll.

14

Sa1,l khi cho diem g6c trlii duai, ACAD nhac b<;m cho di~m g6c phai tren cua mien chu

nh~t gi6i h'.l-n ve:

Upper right comer<. .. >: (cho diem g6c phai tren)

Ghi ehu: Sau khi d~t gim h""n vi! bdi I¢nh LIMITS , b~ c6 the dU'a tOIm bl) gioi h{ln ve d6 ra man hlnlJ

b~ng I¢nh ZOOM vl'1i li,a ch9n ALL; m~t idt<k khi xu:rt ban ve ra in du<;x: chfnh dc LIMITS dii d~t.

1.2.5. T~o b:ln ve khm thuy (Prototype Drawing)

Vice dau lien khi l~p 1 bim ve 1a 1<.to moi truOng cho ban ve chua cae thOng tin ban dau.

Do la~ dcm vi do. giai h'.ln bim ve, t~o lap, d~t lum, kieu ghi kich thuOc, kieu chiL. nhUng

thong tin do thuOng it thay dOi d6i v6i nguo; sir d':lng, cho nen thuOng d~t chung thanh 1 file

va gqi la ban vi" khtli thuy (Prototype Drawing - PD). Sau nay mlli khi I~p ban ve mm b~n

gqi ten ban ve khai thuy ra dung d~ tranh nh~p di nh~p l~i mi?t 10'.lt cac thong tin ban dau

ve moi tCU'ang ban viS (xem a l¢I1h NEW tiet 1.2.4 treng chuoog nay).

Trong ACAD ding co san ban ve khai thuy trong file acad.dwg nhlffig co mQt s6 thOng

tin khOng pho. hqp vai tieu chuAn Vi¢t Nam, b'.ln dn d~t l'.1-i .

• Cdc butte t~o ban vi' khtli thuy (PD) nhu sau

1- Xac I~p don vi ve, dung ~nh UNITS.

2- D~t gim h~ ve (Ung voi khO gilly A4, A3, ... ), dung I~nh LIMITS.

3- f1iin th! toan be> gi6i h'.l-n ve ra man hlnh, dung I¢nh ZOOM h!a 'chqn ALL.

4- Ve khung ban ve, khung ten, dung l~nh LINE ho~c PLINE (xem chuong 2, tiet 2-2

va tiet 2-3).

5- D~t cac thOng s6 khac:

* D~t lucri ve, dung l¢nh SNAP va GRID (chuong 2, tiet 2-12) .

• Tao lap cho ban ve, dung l¢nh LAYER (xem chuong 6, tiet 6-2).

* T'.lo kieu ghi kich thuac vai cac bien kich thuGC b'.ln chqn, dung l¢nh Dim V AR.

* Tl!lo cae kieu viet chil, dung l¢nh STYLE (xem chuoog 5, tiet ·5-f).

6- ott gill han vo khiJi thuy (PD), dung l¢nh SAVE AS.

Ghi ehu: cae b!,ln mm h9C AutoCAD ehi dn bim vi! khOi thuy l~p theo cac buUc 1, 2, 3, 4, 6.

15

CHUONG 2

, - - ., CAC LI;NH VE CO BAN

2.1. POINT: YO di.!m

* each gQi I~nh POINT til Menu:

.-----------------,

Screen Menu> DRAW> Point

Menu Bar > ORA W > Point

* Go l¢nh tu b~m phfm:

Command: point

Point <eha tQa dQ ella diem>

ACAD12 dtmg bien POMODE xac djnh cae d~ng diem khac nhau va bien PDSlZE xac djnh

kfch thucrc di<!m nhu b<'mg sau da.y (hloh 2~ I):

Point Style _ _

2.2. UNE: VO drrang th~ng, drrang gap

khuc thang

* Okh goi l~nh LINE til menu:

Screen Menu> ORA W > Line

Menu Bar > DRAW > Line

* Go l¢nh Ilr ban phfm:

Command: line

From point: <e1lO diem dau>

To point: <ellO di~m tiep thee>

To point: <eho diem tiep thee,

ho~c U, C, Enter>

Bi)1l g6 U neu muon bo do~n th&ng vua ve; g5

C de dong kin ducrng gap khuc.

Vi d~: hloh 2-2.

Command:

From point:

To point:

To point:

To point:

To point:

line

100,120

@ 40<60

@40<-60

c

.J

2.3. PUNE (POLYLINE)

~nh oay de ve da tuyen (Polyline) g6m cae

do~n thang va cae eung tron noi tiep nhau_

Chung eo the cho d¢ r¢ng net, lo~i ducrng net

khae nhau(ducrng lien, duemg dU!, duemg cham

gach ... ).

16

+ X

0 0 -$- l2l: (')

D D $- J2,1 [1J

D D -$- f.2l ['J

Point ,S.ize: 15_0000 I"

® Set Size Belative to Screen

o Set Size in Absolute Units

OK I Cancel I 1 tldp ... I

Hlnh 2-1: H9P Ihm_li ella l~l1h POINT trong

ACADI2.

P2

-60'

P1L-~ ________ ~ P3

(100,120)

Hinh 2-2