Astm stp 1590 2015

ASTM INTERNATIONAL

Selected Technical Papers

Roofng Research

and Standards

Development:

8th Volume

STP 1590

Editors:

Walter J. Rossiter, Jr.

Sudhakar Molleti

Selected technical PaPerS

StP1590

Editors: Walter J. Rossiter, Jr., Sudhakar Molleti

Roofng Research and

Standards Development:

8th Volume

ASTM Stock #STP1590

DOI : 10.1520/STP1590-EB

ASTM International , 100 Barr H arbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

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Printed in Bay Shore, NY

November, 2015

THIS COMPILATION OF Selected Technical Papers, STP1590, Roofng Research

and Standards Development: 8th Volume, contains peer-reviewed papers presented

at a symposium held December 6, 2015, in Tampa, FL, USA. Te symposium was

sponsored by ASTM International Committee D08 on Roofng and Waterproofng

and Subcommittee D08.20 Roofng Membrane Systems.

Symposium Chairpersons and STP Editors:

Walter J. Rossiter, Jr.

RCI, Inc.

Raleigh, NC, USA

Sudhakar Molleti

National Research Council ofCanada

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Foreword

v

Contents

Overview vii

Testing and Evaluation

Developing a Test Method for a Very Severe Hail Rating for Low Slope

Roofng Assemblies 1

Daniel A. Boardman and Daniel E. Brown

Understanding the Puncture Resistance of Thermoplastic Polyolefn Membranes 14

Sarang Bhawalkar, Tammy Yang, and Thomas J. Taylor

Evaluation of Air Leakage Properties of Seam-Fastened Mechanically

Attached Single-Ply and Polymer-Modifed Bitumen Roof Membrane Assemblies 30

Sudhakar Mol leti, Bas Baskaran, Peter Kal inger, Mark Graham, J. F. Cote,

Joe  Malpezzi, and Joe  Schwetz

Performance Considerations

Thermal Performance Evaluation of Roofng Details to Improve

Thermal Efciency and Condensation Resistance 44

Eric K. Olson, Cheryl M . Saldanha, and Jessica W. Hsu

Quantitatively Assessing the Service Life of 55 % Aluminum-Zinc Alloy-Coated

Steel Standing Seam Roof Systems 68

Ron Dutton and Rob Haddock

Shear Resistance of Paving and Waterproofng Systems 103

Philip S. Moser, Gregory R. Doelp, and Joseph Haydu

Durability

Moisture and Durability Performance of Low-Sloped Roof Structures

with Varying Surface Types 123

Christoph Buxbaum and Simon Paul itsch

vi

Accelerated Aging of Thermoplastic Polyolefn Membranes—Prediction

of Actual Performance 139

Thomas J. Taylor and L. Xing

Long-Term Refective Performance of Roof Surfaces in the Chicago Area 153

Maciek Rupar and Mark S. Graham

Hygrothermal Evaluation of Steeped Roofng

Hygrothermal Analysis for Pitched Roof in Consideration of Water

Penetration Through Interface Between Fastener and Roofng Underlayment 206

Hiroaki Saito

Hygrothermal Conditions in Attic Spaces of Wooden Houses with Eave

Ventilation During Winter in a Mild Climate Region in Japan 223

Daisuke Matsuoka, Shuichi Hokoi , and H iroaki Saito

vii

Te Symposium Series on Roofng Research and Standards Development was

initiated almost 30 years ago. In 1986 , ASTM Technical Committee D08 on Roof￾ing and Waterproofng hosted a technical symposium that occurred immediately

following its fall task group and subcommittee meetings. Tat symposium, like the

one described in these Proceedings, was entitled Roofng Research and Standards

Development. Te 1986 participants considered the frst symposium to be quite in￾formative and successful. Acknowledging the success, the D08 leadership at that time

recommended that plans be made for a follow-up symposium on the same subject.

A second symposium took place in 1990, leading to the birth ofthe D08-sponsored

symposium series that bears the same general title and that survives to this day. Tese

symposia have occurred about every four years.

A driving force behind D08’s symposium series is the tenet, “Sound standards

have strong technical bases.” Tis symposium on RoofngResearch and Standards De￾velopment is the eighth in the 3-decade old series. Tis symposium and the papers

described in the Proceedings illustrate D08’s commitment to developing standards

that have strong technical bases, which ultimately contributes to improved roofng

performance. Proceedings in this series are: Roofng Research and Standards Devel￾opment, ASTM STP959 (1986), Roofng Research and Standards Development, 2nd

Volume, ASTM STP1088 (1990), Roofng Research and Standards Development, 3rd

Volume, ASTM STP1224 (1994), Roofng Research and Standards Development, 4th

Volume, ASTM STP1349 (1998), Roofng Research and Standards Development, 5th

Volume, ASTM STP1451 (2003), Roofng Research and Standards Development, 6th

Volume, ASTM STP1504 (2007), and Roofng Research and Standards Development,

7th Volume STP1538 (2011). Volume 1 was edited by R. A. Critchell. Volumes 2

through 6 were edited by T. J. Wallace and W. J. Rossiter, Jr. Volume 7 was edited by

W. J. Rossiter, Jr.

ASTM International Technical Committee D08 on Roofng and Waterproofng

is the focal point in North America for the development ofstandards for low-sloped

and steep roofng, and also waterproofng. Te extent ofits activities stretches across

the typical categories of ASTM standards including specifcations, test methods,

practices, and guides. Fortunately, D08 members bring a broad variety of necessary

expertise and backgrounds to cover these activities. Te importance of having such

broad expertise today cannot be underestimated, since issues addressed in D08’s

standards deliberations range from the practical to the fundamental. Moreover, the

Overview

viii

materials and components that comprise roofng and waterproofng systems cover a

myriad ofsynthetic and natural materials used either alone or in combination with

each other, and similarly within the systems there are diferent installation and at￾tachment methods. Te bottom line is that, when all D08 standards are considered

collectively, their development represents an enormous efort; in contrast, taken in￾dividually, it is a tedious one. Te symposia in the D08 series are just one small, yet

vitally important, task supporting these standards development eforts.

Consistent with the broad range of D08 standards activities, the symposium pa￾pers assembled in these current Proceedings range from the practical to the funda￾mental and include:

• Hygrothermal conditions in attic spaces ofwooden houses with eaves ventila￾tion

• A test method for a very severe hail rating for low-slope roofng assemblies

• Puncture resistance and accelerated aging ofTPO membranes

• Air leakage properties ofseam-fastened roofmembrane assemblies

• Hygrothermal analysis of pitched-roof underlayment assemblies

• Long-term refective performance ofroofsurfaces

• Service-life assessment of 55% Al-Zn alloy-coated steel standing seam roof

systems

• Performance oflow‐sloped roofstructures with varying surface types and bal￾last layers

• Termal performance evaluation ofroofng details

• Shear resistance of paving and waterproofng systems

Tese papers represent a signifcant contribution to D08’s commitment to expand￾ing the knowledge base that supports successful roof performance. From a practical

point of view, the availability of data can help accelerate the standards development

process as decisions can be made on fact and not opinion. In announcing this sym￾posium, authors were informed that its primary emphasis would be on current re￾search and standards development work. Consistent with the title ofthe symposium

series, in many cases, the authors have made recommendations for development of

new ASTM standards or improvement ofthose already issued. As co-chairs ofthis

symposium, we hope that the D08 members will review, digest, and critique these

recommendations and, as appropriate, initiate task group activities to consider them

in the D08 standards development process.

As in the past, these Proceedings are dedicated to the members of ASTM Com￾mittee D08 who give unselfshly oftheir time and energy to improve the performance

ofroofng and waterproofng systems. We express our sincere thanks and apprecia￾tion to those many individuals who participated in the organization and conduct of

the symposium:

ix

• D08 committee members: Steve Condren, Rene Dupuis, Mike Franks, Mark

Graham, Tom Hutchinson, Jennifer Keegan, Bill Kirn, Mason Knowles, Larry

Meyers, Ted Michelsen, Ralph Paroli, George Smith, Tom Smith, Jim Strong,

and Dick Wallace. Tese D08 members comprised the steering committee.

One of their primary responsibilities was the objective evaluation of the ab￾stracts received in response to the call-for-papers issued in developing the

symposium.

• ASTM headquarters staf: Alyssa Conaway, Kelly Dennison, Kathy Dernoga,

Joe Hugo, Mary Mikolajewski, Jennifer Rodgers, and Hannah Sparks. Tese

industrious, professional ASTM staf provided for the symposium arrange￾ments and assisted with the development ofthe Proceedings. Teir assistance

and eforts are sincerely appreciated.

• ASTM’s editorial ofce, J&J Editorial: Sara Welliver and Heather Blasco. Tey

were responsible for the symposium papers, directing the reviews and editing

in preparation for publication.

• Te authors and reviewers: Above all, specials thanks are given to the authors

and reviewers ofthe papers without whose outstanding eforts in writing and

reviewing, respectively, the symposium and Proceedings would not have been

possible.

Walter J. Rossiter, Jr.

Sudhakar Molleti

Daniel A. Boardman1

and Daniel E. Brown

1

Developing a Test Method for a

Very Severe Hail Rating for Low

Slope Roofing Assemblies

Citation

Boardman, D. A. and Brown, D. E., “Developing a Test Method for a Very Severe Hail Rating for

Low Slope Roofing Assemblies,” Roofing Research and Standards Development: 8th Volume,

ASTM STP1590, S. Molleti and W. J.Rossiter, Eds., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA,

2015, pp. 1–13, doi:10.1520/STP1590201500222

ABSTRACT

Increased property damage from hail impact has become more common in

recent years, with a majority of the damage occurring to roofs. To help address

this concern, a very severe hail (VSH) rating for low slope roofing is being

developed. This work is being done using a modified version of the existing test

method described in ANSI/FM 4473, American National Standard for Impact

Resistance Testing of Rigid Roofing Materials by Impacting with Freezer Ice Bal ls.

During this first phase of development, samples of single-ply, built-up, and

modified bitumen low slope roof assemblies were subjected to impacts from

2.0 in. (51 mm) diameter freezer ice bal ls with impact energies between 23.75

and 26.13 ft?lbf (32.2 and 35.5 J). These impact energies are nearly double the

14.95 ft?lbf (19 J) kinetic energy del ivered by the 2.0 in. (51 mm) diameter steel

balls currently used in the severe hail rating test in FM Approvals Standard

Number 4470. Of utmost importance to this study was evaluating the

appropriateness of using freezer ice balls with the less rigid materials more

commonly found in low slope roofing. Fol lowing the procedures in ANSI/FM

4473, each impact location was subjected to two ice ball impacts. Samples were

impacted at seam locations, over metal plates (where applicable), and in the

field of the roof sample in order to determine if any currently FM approved

severe hail rated roofing assemblies could meet the pass criteria. The samples

were evaluated for surface cracking and damage as wel l as for damage to the

Manuscript received March 18, 2015; accepted for publ ication July 20, 2015.

1

FM Approvals LLC , 1151 Boston Providence Turnpike, P.O. Box 9102, Norwood, MA 02067

2ASTM Eighth Symposium on Roofing Research and Standards Development on December 6, 2015 in

Tampa, FL.

Copyright VC 2015 by ASTM International , 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

ROOFING RESEARCH AND STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT: 8TH VOLUME 1

STP 1590, 2015 / available onlin e a t www. astm. org / doi: 10.1520/STP159020150022

substrate (insulation or coverboard). Although the val idity of using ice bal ls for

impacting roofing samples has previously been demonstrated, the testing

conducted in this study has shown the ability of ice bal ls to be used in granting a

more severe hail rating than is currently available for low slope roofing.

Keywords

roof, hai l , membrane, impact, ice, low slope

Introduction

In recent years, the U.S. insurance industry has seen an increase in losses from hail,

both in cost per claim and number of claims, with the majority of damage occurring

to roofs [1] . According to FMGlobal Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 1–34, a

very severe hail (VSH) region has been identified, encompassing Oklahoma, Kansas,

and several northern counties in Texas [2]. The identification of this area as a VSH

region is further supported by data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration/National Weather Service/National Centers for Environmental Pro￾tection (NOAA/NWS/NCEP) Storm Prediction Center, which shows an increased

concentration of severe hail reports (hail diameter? 2 in. [51 mm]) from 1955 to

2002 in this same geographical region [3] . With the identification ofthe VSH region

and increased hail damage to roofs, a need for a VSH rating for low slope roofing

has been identified. An ANSI/FM4473 Class 4 rating, with impact energies between

23.75 and 26.13 ft?lbf(32.2 and 35.5 J) is already recommended in this area for steep

slope roof covers, and a similar rating for low slope roofing is needed.

Several published standards utilize steel balls to impact roof covering materials.

FMApprovals Standard Number 4470 currently has a maximum severe hail rating

that requires a roofing sample to withstand impacts from 2.0 in. (51 mm) diameter

steel balls, which impart a kinetic energy of 14.95 ft?lbf (19 J) to the sample surface

[4] . The UL 2218 impact test procedure contains a maximum Class 4 rating that

requires a roofing sample to withstand impacts from 2.0 in. (51 mm) diameter steel

balls, which impart a kinetic energy of 23.71 ft?lbf (32 J) to the sample surface [5] .

ASTM D3746-85 requires a roofing sample to withstand impacts from 2.0 in.

(51 mm) diameter steel balls, which impart a kinetic energy of 22 ft?lbf (30 J) to the

sample surface [6] . These test methods require the roofing samples to be subjected

to multiple impacts at different locations across the sample area.

Unlike the test methods described here, which utilize steel balls, ANSI/FM4473

utilizes freezer ice balls to impact the roofing sample. However, this standard was

specifically developed for steep slope roofing. The maximum rating available in this

standard is Class 4, which requires a roofing sample to withstand impacts from

2.0 in. (51 mm) diameter ice balls, which impart a kinetic energy of 23.75 to

26.13 ft?lbf(32.2 to 25.5 J) to the sample surface [7] .

Although specifically developed for steep slope roofing, the test method

described in ANSI/FM4473 and similar test methods utilizing freezer ice balls have

2 STP 1590 On Roofing Research and Standards Development

been used on low slope roofing materials. Crenshaw and Koontz documented a

series of tests that compared the performance of multiple roofing materials when

impacted with both steel balls and freezer ice balls, showing that the performance of

the test materials varies, depending on whether the material is impacted by a steel

ball or an ice ball [8] . Materials tested included thermoplastic olefin ( TPO), styrene

butadiene styrene (SBS) modified bitumen, built-up roofing (BUR), atactic polypro￾pylene (APP) modified bitumen, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)

poly-vinyl chloride (PVC), clay tile, concrete tile, and asphalt shingles. Koontz and

Hutchinson later studied the performance of 60-mil (1.5 mm) EPDM membrane

when subjected to impacts from 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 in. (38, 51, 64, and 76 mm)

diameter ice balls, showing that 76 of the 81 EPDM samples tested over various

substrates did not have a split or cut in the EPDM surface after a single impact [9] .

Based on the current available test methods and the work previously done with

freezer ice balls, the objective of this project is to determine if the ANSI/FM 4473

test method can be adapted to low slope roofing materials and used to create a VSH

rating. The initial phase of this work, as documented in this paper, is to determine

if the ANSI/FM 4473 test method, when used to test new low slope roofing assem￾blies with a known FM Approval Standard 4470 severe hail rating, is capable of dis￾tinguishing exceptional performance. It is important to note that this initial study is

being done to determine the appropriateness of using freezer ice balls on low slope

roofing materials and that additional work will be necessary to achieve a final test

protocol for the VSH rating.

Test Setup

Samples ofsingle-ply, built-up, and modified bitumen low slope roof assemblies were

subjected to impacts from 2.0 in. (51 mm) diameter freezer ice balls with impact ener￾gies between 23.75 and 26.13 ft?lbf(32.2 and 35.5 J). These impact energies are nearly

double the 14.95 ft?lbf (19 J) kinetic energy delivered by the 2.0 in (51 mm) diameter

steel balls used in the severe hail rating test in FM Approvals Standard Number 4470.

The freezer ice ball preparation and test procedures in ANSI/FM 4473 were followed

in order to conduct the tests. The impact locations, number of impacts, and accep￾tance criteria found in ANSI/FM 4473 were not used in this study because they are

not applicable to low slope roof covers. The intent is to develop a new test method

that is applicable to low slope roofing constructions. The samples consisted of either

a piece of 1.5 in. (38 mm) thick, glass reinforced, organic felt-faced polyisocyanurate

insulation or 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) thick fiberglass faced gypsum board, representing a

range of substrate densities. The substrate was mechanically fastened to a 0.75 in.

(19 mm) thick plywood board with metal insulation plates and fasteners. The various

roof covers were either fastened or adhered over the entire substrate area. The sam￾ples were 15 in. by 21 in. ( 381 mm by 533 mm) in order to allow enough area for

several impacts. A general diagram of the sample construction, with the roof cover

cut away to show the substrate and fastener arrangement is shown in Fig. 1.

BOARDMAN AND BROWN, DOI 10.1520/STP159020150022 3

Each sample was subjected to impacts at three different locations: (1) over the

lap seam, (2) over a fastener and metal plate, and (3) in the field ofthe roof cover.

Each location was impacted two times at the same spot. Tests were conducted in a

laboratorymaintained at a temperature of 73.4 6 3.6?F (23 6 2

?C). Observations

of damage were taken after each impact. Damage to the roof cover was noted for

all samples. Damage to the substrate and fasteners was noted onlyon samples with

a mechanicallyfastened roof cover because peeling back an adhered roof cover is

not always possible and may have caused more damage to the substrate on some

assemblies. All samples adhered and mechanicallyfastened contained insulation

plates below the roof cover. A sample was considered to have failed when a

through opening (tear) or crack was observed in the roof cover. For the purposes

ofthis study, denting or impressions in the roof cover and damage to the substrate

and fasteners were not considered failures but were noted in the test observations,

when possible.

SAMPLE SELECTION AND IDENTIFICATION

Samples of low slope roofing assemblies were selected from www.roofnav.com.

All have an FM Approvals Standard 4470 severe hail rating. The samples were

selected to represent a variety of common fullyadhered and mechanicallyfas￾tened roofing assemblies. As previouslystated, the assemblies were limited to

those with polyisocyanurate insulation or gypsum board directly below the roof

cover in order to include representative samples with a low and high density

substrate, respectively. Two different polyisocyanurate insulation boards were

used in this studyand are referenced as Polyiso 1 and Polyiso 2. Likewise, two

fiberglass faced gypsum boards were used and are referenced as Gypsum Board

1 and Gypsum Board 2. The same type fasteners and 3 in. (76.2 mm) diameter

metal insulation plates were used for all samples in order to remove the vari￾abilityof different fasteners and plate profiles from the test program and are

FIG. 1 Sample construction.

4 STP 1590 On Roofing Research and Standards Development

referenced as fasteners. The roof covers analyzed included ethylene propylene

diene monomer (EPDM), poly-vinyl chloride (PVC), thermoplastic olefin

(TPO), styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) modified bitumen, atactic polypropylene

(APP) modified bitumen, and asphaltic built-up roof (BUR) membranes. Roof

cover samples from three different manufactures were used. The manufacturers

are referenced as Manufacturer 1, Manufacturer 2, and Manufacturer 3 in order

to distinguish among the samples. The samples, along with the composition, are

shown in Tables 1–3.

Results and Discussion

Roof cover tears and cracks were observed in 18 of the samples that were tested.

The samples along with the failure location and a description of the failure are

shown in Table 4.

Test results were evaluated in several different ways in order to gain a better

understanding of how the freezer ice balls impact the more flexible materials (in

comparison to steep slope roofing shingles and tiles) found in low slope roofing

assemblies and to assist in establishing acceptance criteria for the final VSH rating

test protocol. The results were evaluated based on performance ofthe entire assem￾bly, performance at each impact location, and on damage observations taken after

each impact.

PERFORMANCE OF THE ENTIRE ASSEMBLY

Evaluation of each sample’s performance as an entire assembly indicated that 16

out of the 34 tested samples met the acceptance criteria and did not develop any

through openings or cracks in the roof membrane. As shown in Fig. 2, this trans￾lates into an overall acceptance rate of 47 % ofthe tested samples.

Keeping in mind that each ofthe tested samples has an FM Approvals Standard

4470 severe hail rating, this result indicates that the freezer ice ball test method

used in this study is a more severe test than that used to grant the severe hail rating.

In addition, the 4470 rating requires the covers to be tested after 1000-hour

TABLE 1 Mechanical ly fastened single-ply sample constructions.

Sample Roof Cover Fastening Type Substrate

1 45-mil (1.1 mm) thick TPO, Manufacturer 1 Mechanically fastened Polyiso 1

2 45-mil (1.1 mm) thick TPO, Manufacturer 1 Mechanically fastened Gypsum Board 1

3 45-mil (1.1 mm) thick fleece-backed TPO,

Manufacturer 1

Mechanically fastened Polyiso 1

4 80-mil (2.0 mm) thick fleece-backed TPO,

Manufacturer 1

Mechanically fastened Polyiso 1

5 50-mil (1.3 mm) thick PVC, Manufacturer 2 Mechanically fastened Polyiso 2

6 50-mil (1.3 mm) thick PVC, Manufacturer 2 Mechanically fastened Gypsum Board 1

BOARDMAN AND BROWN, DOI 10.1520/STP159020150022 5