Astm stp 1434 2002

STP 1434

The Use of Glass in Buildings

VaIerie L. Block, editor

ASTM Stock Number: STP1434

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN:

Symposium on the Use of Glass in Buildings (1st : 2002 : Pittsburgh, Pa.)

The use of glass in buildings/[edited by] Valerie L. Block.

p. cm.--ASTM special technical publication; 1434

Includes bibliographical references and index.

"ASTM stock number: STP1434."

ISBN 0-8031-3458-4

1. Glass construction--Congresses. 2. Glazing--Congresses. 3. Safety

glass--Congresses. I. Block, Valerie L., 1951- II. Title.

TH1560 .S96 2002

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2002038238

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Printed in Bridgeport, NJ

December 2002

Foreword

The Symposium on The Use of Glass in Buildings was held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

on 14 April, 2002. ASTM International Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings served

as its sponsor. The symposium chair of this publication was Valerie L. Block.

Contents

Overview vii

SESSION I: QUALITY ISSUES

ASTM C 1036: Does It Work for Field Inspections of Surface Blemishes?--

TED W. MAZULA AND IVAR HENNINGS

Codes and Standards Affecting Glass in Buildings: The U.S. and Beyond--

VALERIE L. BLOCK

The Impact of Serf.Cleaning Glass---CHRISTOPHER J. BARRY AND THOMAS O'DAY

PC.Based Stress Measuring System for On-line Quality Control of Tempered

and Heat.Strengthened GlasS---ALEX S. REDNER

SESSION II" PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENTS

In-Situ Dew-Point Measurement to Assess Life Span of Insulating Glass

Units---GEORGE R. TOROK, WERNER LICHTENBERGER, AND ALLAN MAJOR

Evaluation of the Condensation Resistance Rating as Determined Using the

NFRC 500 Progedure----DAN1EL J. WISE AND BIPIN V. SHAH

SESSION III: GLASS DESIGN

Structural Performance of Laminated Glass Made with a "Stiff" Interlayer--

STEPHEN J. BENNISGN, C. ANTHONY SMITH, ALEX VAN DUSER, AND

ANAND JAGOTA

Development of Design Methodology for Rectangular Glass Supported on

Three Sides to Resist Lateral Uniformity Distributed Loads--

MOSTAFA M, EL-SHAM! AND H. SCOTT NORVILLE

Wind Load Resistance of Large Trapezoidal Glass Lites--H. scoyr NORVILLE,

MOSTAFA M. EL-SHAMI, RYAN JACKSON, AND GEORGE JOHNSON

Window Glass Design Software--STEPHEN M. MORSE

A Thermal Stress Evaluation Procedure for Monolithic Annealed Glass--

W. LYNN BEASON AND A. WILLIAM LINGNELL

105

SESSION IV: GLASS IN HURRICANES

Retrofitting Commercial Structures with Laminated Glass to Withstand

Hurricane Effects--PAUL E. BEERS, MARK A. PILCHER, AND

JEFFREY C. SCIAUDONE

Testing of Annealed Glass With Anchored-Film Glass Retention Systems for

Fallout Protection after Thermal Stress Cracking--BRUCE S. KASKEL,

JOHN E. PEARSON, MARK K. SCHMIDT, AND ROGER E. PELLETIER

121

131

SESSION V: GLASS FOR FIRE SAFETY AND SECURITY

The Advantages of Glazing in Overall Security Strategy--MiCHAEL BETTEN

AND HENRI BERUBE

The Relationship Between Sprinkler Systems and GlasS--JERRY RAZWICK

Design Procedure for Blast.Resistant Laminated Glass--H. SCOTT NORVILLE

AND EDWARD J. CONRATH

Index

147

153

159

171

Overview

This book represents the work of numerous authors at the first Symposium on the Use of

Glass in Buildings, April 14, 2002, Pittsburgh, PA. Architectural glass was the broad focus

for this symposium. Papers and presentations were targeted to deliver information the user

may find useful related to the quality, design, use, and performance of architectural glass.

The symposium had a broad focus that incorporated a variety of glass-related topics. Emphasis on glass design was also a key feature to the symposium.

The papers contained in this publication represent the commitment of the ASTM E-06.51

subcommittee to providing timely and comprehensive information on glass used in buildings.

Common themes throughout the tenure of this symposium can be found in this issue. Papers

discussing quality issues, performance assessments, glass design glass in hurricane-prone

areas, and glass for fire safety and security were presented.

Quality Issues

Quality issues were addressed from several points of view. One paper focused on the

problems associated with the use of ASTM C1036 for field inspections of glass. Another

paper examined the interrelationship between building codes and glass standards. A third

paper discussed an on-line quality control measuring system for tempered and heatstrengthened glass. A fourth paper assessed the impact of self-cleaning glass.

Performance Assessments

The intent of this section was to present developments around the performance of insulating glass and glass facades. One paper discussed in-situ dew point testing to assess life

span of insulating glass units. A second presented an assessment of annual energy consumption of ventilated double glass facades using computer simulation. A third paper focused

on the evaluation of a condensation resistance rating as determined using the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) 500 procedure.

Glass Design

A series of papers were presented on glass design. One paper examined the structural

performance of laminated 'glass made with stiff interlayers. Several papers dealt with design

methodologies for glass, including rectangular window glass supported on three sides, large

trapezoidal window glass lites, and window glass design software based on ASTM El300.

Another paper introduced a new procedure for thermal stress evaluation of monolithic glass.

Glass in Hurricanes

Glass used in hurricane-prone areas requires special design consideration. In this session,

one speaker addressed retrofitting commercial structures with laminated glass to withstand

hurricane effects. A second paper discussed testing of annealed glass with anchored-film

glass retention systems.

vii

viii THE USE OF GLASS IN BUILDINGS

Glass for Fire Safety and Security

This section was developed to cover a broad spectrum of topics, including security glazing,

fire rated glass and sprinklers, and a design procedure for blast resistant laminated glass.

Ms. Valerie Block

Narberth, PA

QUALITY ISSUES

Ted W. Mazula I and Ivar Hennings 2

ASTM C 1036: Does It Work for Field Inspections of Surface Blemishes?

References: Mazula, T.W. and Hennings, I., "ASTM C 1036: Does It Work for Field

Inspections of Surface Blemishes?" The Use of Glass in Buildings, ASTM STP 1434, V.

Block, Ed., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2002.

Abstract: Glass can be damaged after installation, and often the home or building

owner is left trying to determine if the resulting surface damage is acceptable. Glass

quality is addressed in ASTM C1036, Standard Specification for Flat Glass. However,

this standard is not intended for use in the field. It is useful for the proper specification of

glass quality, and in lieu of any other field inspection standards, parts of ASTM C1036

are helpful in defining acceptable scratch criteria.

Keywords: damaged glass, scratched glass, glass inspection, glass specification, glass

storage

Introduction

Inspecting scratched glass in the field is far from an exact science. It is quite

common for the project specifications to overlook the type of scratches that are

acceptable. The owner and contractor are both exposed to risk in this situation. When a

project has damaged glass, the parties look for an industry quality standard, and often turn

to ASTM C1036, Standard Specification for Flat Glass to inspect the glass. Under ASTM

C1036, medium-intensity scratches are allowed for glass quality Glazing Select (Q3).

This level of quality is recommended for architectural applications including reflective

and low emissivity coated glass products, and other select glazing applications. It is the

most commonly specified quality of glass in the industry I and refers to Table 4 criteria

(Figure 1) for the maximum allowable blemishes for 6.0 mm (1/4 in.) or less glass

thickness.

1Associate Consultant, Glazing Consultants, Inc., 1325 Rotonda Point, Ste. 329, Lake

Mary, FL, 32746.

2Vice President, Glazing Consultants, Inc., 11910 Cypress Links Drive, Fort Myers, FL,

33913.

Copyright9 by ASTM International

www.astm.org

4 TFIE USE OF GLASS IN BUILDINGS

Table 4

Thicknesses 6.0 mm (l/4in.) or Less A

Linear Blemish Size B

Intensity Length

Faint < 75ram (3in.)

Faint > 75 mm Oin.)

Light < 75 mm (3in.)

Light > 75 mm (3in.)

Medium _< 75 mm (3in.)

ASTM C 1036-01

Allowable Linear Blemish Size and Distribution for Cut Size and Stock Sheet Qualities

Medium > 75 mm (3in.)

Heavy < 150 ram (6in.)

Heaw > 150 mm f~iin.)

Quality 3

Di~tribr

Allowed

A/lowed

Allowed

Allowed with a minimum

separation of 600mm (24in.)

None Allowed

Glass thicker than 6.0 mm (1/4 in.) and less than or equal to 12.0 mm (1/2 in.) may contain

proportionally more and longer blemishes. Table 4 does not apply to glass thicker than 12.0 ram (t/2 in.).

Allowable blemishes for glass thicker than 12.0 mm (1/2 in,) shall be determined by agreement between the

buyer and the seller.

n See 6.1.5 for detection of linear blemishes.

Table 4 Blemisll lnt~p~ty Chart (continued)

Deteetigl~ Dist~ce Blemish Intensity

Over 3.3 meters ( 132 in.) Heavy

3.3 meters (132 in.) to 1.01 meters (40 in.) Medium

1 meter (39 in.) to 0.2 meters (8 in.) Light

Less than 0.2 meters (8 in.) Faint

Figure 1 - Example of Table 4

Table 4 defaults to allow medium intensity scratches that are 75 mm (3 in.) long

providing any two scratches are not less than 609 mm (24 in.) apart. The inspection is to

be conducted per item 6.1.5 Detection for Linear Blemishes (Scratches, Rubs, Digs, and

Other Similar Blemishes) as follows: Place samples in a vertical position to the viewer.

The viewer shall stand approximately 4 m (160 in.) from specimen and look through the

sample at an angle of 90 ~ (perpendicular) to the surface using daylight (without direct

sunlight), or other uniform diffused background lighting that simulates daylight, with a

MAZULA AND HENNINGS ON ASTM 1036 5

minimum illuminate of 160 foot-candles. The viewer shall move towards the specimen

until a blemish is detected (if any). The distance from the viewer to glass surface when

the blemish is In'st detectable is defined as the Detection Distance. Blemish intensity is

determined by comparing the Detection Distance to the Blemish Intensity Chart at the

bottom of Table 4. Blemish Length is determined by measuring the perpendicular

distance between the ends of the blemish.

Homeowners do not want to look through scratched glass, especially if they have

paid top dollar for a condominium overlooking the ocean. When the sun is setting, even a

small scratch in a patio door or window can be disturbing. The owner's first thought is to

complain to the developer, who then calls the contractor for warranty service. If there are

a large number of windows and/or doors with reported scratches, the cost of replacement

may be substantial. In extreme cases, the homeowner may even contact a glass expert to

inspect the glass and help solve the problem. The parties review the contract documents

to see if the subject of glass quality has been addressed. These documents typically

establish glass quality as Q3 from ASTM C 1036 or do not address the issue at all. In any

event, the homeowner does not want to inspect the glass at 3.3 m (132 in.) with uniform

light as required by the standard. He or she will probably inspect the glass from a much

closer distance and in direct sunlight (Figure 2). The end result is that ASTM C1036 is

found to be unsuitable and all parties may be forced to expend considerable time, effort,

and expense to resolve the situation.~

Figure 2 - Typical Surface Blemish (Scratch)

Drawbacks to Using ASTM C1036 in the Field

Despite the difficulties of using ASTM C1036 in the field, it is still utilized to

inspect installed glass. As its title suggests, the standard provides more of a guideline for

"specifying" glass than it does for "field inspecting" glass. It is recognized that the

industry has used segments of the procedures outlined in the standard for inspection on

glazing systems installed in the field. There are, however, some inherent problems with

6 THE USE OF GLASS IN BUILDINGS

these guidelines.

First of all, the procedures to inspect the glass allow significant latitude, which ot~en

results in contradictory conclusions by separate inspectors, even on the same piece of

glass. For example, an inspector that is 6 t~.-4 in. tall will view the glass differently than

an inspector at 5 ft.-8 in. tall due to the geometry of the viewing angle. Second, the

natural background (trees, weather conditions, adjacent buildings, etc.) at the exterior of

the specimen can either draw to or detract attention from the scratch in question. These

conditions will undoubtedly vary from building to building. Third, existing interior

conditions perpendicular to the specimen may not provide the mandatory 3.3 m (132 in.)

distance required for the inspection. Fourth, fixed glass specimens located on shear walls

may not be accessible from the exterior, therefore, cleaning prior to inspection may not be

possible. Inspection without consideration of cleaning the exterior glass could skew the

results. Finally, requiring the inspector to view "through" the glass as defined in the

standard and detect a scratch is extremely subjective and creates discord among the

concerned parties.

Suggested Procedures

Quality of glass and the manner in which glass is to be inspected should be

specified prior to the construction process. Specifiers need to avoid simply referencing

the ASTM C 1036 "Standard Specification for Flat Glass" in general terms. They should

scrutinize the ASTM C 1036 Standard to indicate the glass classification (i.e. type, class,

style, form, quality, and finish). The typical 6 mm (% in.) thick clear glass product can be

represented in Specifications as follows: "Type I - (Transparent Glass, Flat), Class 1 -

Clear, Glazing Select Quality (Q3) - intended for architectural applications including

reflective and low emissivity coated glass products, and other select glazing applications.

Blemishes for Type I (Transparent Glass, Flat) shall not be greater than those listed in

Table 4." To achieve a higher quality on projects, specifiers should consider specifying

Select Quality (Q3) adding criteria as follows: Glass surfaces with detectable linear

blemishes that exceed Light Intensity will not be accepted (refer to Table 4 in the

standard).

In addition to tightening the specifications, proactive steps should be taken by

inspecting the glass at key points in the construction schedule to identify if glass damage

is present. Implementation of a quality control program to inspect the glass during the

product's life cycle from manufacturing through installation is beneficial in detecting

surface damage. This requires inspection upon receipt of the product from the

manufacturer to the project. Implementation of inspection "sign-off sheets" for the glass

and glazing system should be completed and dated immediately after installation. This

process assists in identifying damage that can occur during delivery, storage, handling,

and installation. This process also establishes a post installation time-line, which can

help identify the point at which damage occurred to the glass. Evaluation of this data can

reduce the number of trades that may have been performing work in the immediate area

where damage took place. The cost to include glass quality and field inspection

guidelines in the project specification manual is minimal and is recommended for all

MAZULA AND HENNINGS ON ASTM 1036 7

projects. The costs to setup and implement a daily glass inspection schedule may be

substantial and should be considered on an individual project basis. Consideration of the

project size, type of glass, and access for replacing glass are key components in

establishing a glass inspection program.

Conclusion

ASTM C1036 is useful in specifying glass, however, it does not meet the needs of

the industry for field inspections to evaluate damaged glass. A new document is needed

that will specifically address the field inspection of glass for damage. This document

should provide a clear outline with fair and consistent inspection procedures and

evaluation criteria to represent all parties (developers, manufacturers, contractors and

owners). Furthermore, this document should address all relevant field conditions and

eliminate as much subjectivity as possible. In the meantime, frequent inspections from

receipt of glass to installation are important in monitoring surface damage.

References

[1] Gana - Glass Association of North America, 1997 Edition, Glazing Manual, p. 73.

Valerie L. Block 1

Codes and Standards Affecting Glass in Buildings: The U.S. and Beyond

Reference: Block, V. L., "Codes and Standards Affecting Glass in Buildings: The

U.S. and Beyond," The Use of Glass in Buildings, ASTM STP 1434, A.B. Smith and

C.D. Jones, Eds., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2002.

Abstract: This paper examines the development and adoption process of building code

requirements and standards related to glass in buildings in the United States. Issues

covered include safety glazing, skylights, handrails, and glass strength. The relationship

between the building codes and consensus-based standard organizations, such as the

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), American National Standards

Institute (ANSI), American Society for Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning

Engineers (ASHRAE), the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC), and the

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) will be reviewed. Specific U.S.

glass requirements for safety glazing performance and glass quality will be compared to

existing Mexican and Canadian requirements. At the international level, this paper will

review the work of ISO Technical Committee 160, its working groups, current activities,

and the interrelationship of national and international standards in the workplace.

Keywords: Glass, building codes, national standards, international standards, safety

glazing, and glass quality.

Introduction

Building codes and standards go through specific development and adoption

processes in the United States. In many instances, standards arc referenced or included in

the building codes. There arc other cases where standards have lead to federal

regulations. The glass industry has developed test methods, performance and quality

specifications, and practices through ASTM International and the American National

Standards Institute (ANSI). Although the development process is different, the adopted

standards clarify and enhance the use of glass in building construction.

Over the past twenty years, other organizations have developed standards that

impact glass. The American Society for Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning

Engineers (ASHRAE), for example, has produced ASHRAE 90.1, an energy standard

that includes building envelope requirements for commercial and high-rise residential

buildings. The fenestration performance requirements for thermal transmission (Ufactor) and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient in the 90.1 standard guide the designer's selection

of windows, doors, and skylights. To verify performance, manufacturers and building

i Technical Director, Primary Glass Manufacturers Council, 2945 SW Wanamaker Drive, Suite A, Topeka,

KS 66614-5321

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