Astm stp 1189 1993

STP 1189

Fracture Mechanics:

Twenty-Third Symposium

Ravinder Chona, editor

ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN)

04-011890-30

AsT

1916 Race Street

Philadelphia, PA 19103

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ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 04-011890-30

ISBN: 0-8031-1867-8

ISSN: 1040-3094

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Printed in Baltimore, MD

September 1993

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Foreword

The Twenty-Third National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics was held on 18-20 June

1991 in College Station, Texas. ASTM Committee E24 on Fracture Testing was the sponsor.

Ravinder Chona, Texas A&M University, presided as symposium chairman and is the editor

of this publication.

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Contents

Overview 1

JERRY L. SWEDLOW MEMORIAL LECTURE

Structural Problems in Search of Fracture Mechanics Solutions--J. M. BARSOM

ELASTIC-PLASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS--ANALYSES AND CONSTRAINT ISSUES

Crack Initiation Under Generalized Plane-Strain Conditions--D. g. M. SHUM AND

J. G. MERKLE 37

Experimental Relationship Between Equivalent Plastic Strain and Constraint for

Crack Initiation--w. G. REUTER, W. R. LLOYD, R. L. WILLIAMSON,

J. A. SMITH, AND J. S. EPSTEIN 55

A Comparison of Weibull and ~/1~ Analyses of Transition Range Data--

D. E. McCABE 80

Near-Crack-Tip Transverse Strain Effects Estimated with a Large Strain Hollow

Cylinder Analogy--J. G. MERKLE 95

The Conditions at Ductile Fracture in Tension Tests--g. J. DEXTER AND S. ROY 115

Developing J-R Curves Without Displacement Measurement Using

Normalization--g. LEE AND J. D. LANDES 133

Evaluation of Dynamic Fracture Toughness Using the Normalization Method--

R. HERRERA, G. CARCAGNO, AND L. A. DE VEDIA 168

Asymptotic Analysis of Steady-State Crack Extension of Combined Modes I and

III in Elastic-Plastic Materials with Linear Hardening--H. YUAN AND

A. CORNEC 185

An Asymptotic Analysis of Static and Dynamic Crack Extension Along a Ductile

Bimaterial Interface/Anti-Plane Case--H. YUAN AND K.-H. SCHWALSE 208

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ELASTIC-PLASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS--APPLICATIONS

An Application Methodology for Ductile Fracture Mechanics--J. D. LANDES,

Z. ZHOU, AND K. H. BROWN

Growth of Surface Cracks During Large Elastic-Plastic Loading Cycles--

R. C. McCLUNG, S. J. HUDAK, JR., M. L. BARTLETT, AND J. H. FITZGERALD

Level-3 Crack-Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) Assessment of Welded Wide

Plates in Bending--Effect of Overmarching Weld metal--s. BERGE,

O. I. EIDE, AND M. FUJIKUBO

Limit Pressure Analysis of a Cylindrical Vessel with Longitudinal Crack--

X. CHEN, P. ALBRECHT, AND J. JOYCE

A Deep Part-Through All-Around Circumferential Crack in a Cylindrical Vessel

Subject to Combined Thermal and Pressure Load--L. CHEN, P. C. PARIS,

AND H. TADA

Study of a Crack-Tip Region Under Small-Scale Yielding Conditions--

C. A. SCIAMMARELLA, A. ALBERTAZZI, JR., AND J'. MOURIKES

Fracture Properties of Specially Heat-Treated ASTM A508 Class 2 Pressure

Vessel Steei--D. J. ALEXANDER AND R. D. CHEVERTON

229

265

284

310

330

344

365

LINEAR-ELASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS--ANALYSES

Cracked Strip Problem Subjected to a Nonsymmetric Transverse Loading by a

Stamp--o. s. YAH~jl AND Y. DEMIR

Stress Intensity Factor Solutions for Partial Elliptical Surface Cracks in

Cylindrical Shafts--K.-L. CHEN, A.-Y. KUO, AND S. SHVARTS

Analysis of Circumferential Cracks in Circular Cylinders Using the WeightFunction Method--s. R. METTU AND R. G. FORMAN

383

396

417

LINEAR-ELASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS--APPLICATIONS

Environmentally Controlled Fracture of an Overstrained A723 Steel Thick-Wall

Cylinder--J. H. UNDERWOOD, V. J. OLMSTEAD, J. C. ASKEW, A. A. KAPUSTA,

AND G. A. YOUNG

Fatigue Lifetimes for Pressurized, Eroded, Cracked, Autofrettaged Thick

Cylinders--A. P. PARKER, R. C. A. PLANT, AND A. A. BECKER

An Evaluation of Fracture Mechanics Properties of Various Aerospace

Materials--J. A. HENKENER, V. B. LAWRENCE, AND R. G. FORMAN

443

461

474

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Leak-Before-Break and Fatigue Crack Growth Analysis of All-Steel On-Board

Natural Gas Cylinders--G. s. BHUYAN 498

FATIGUE AND NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION

Intergranular Delamination and the Role of Artificial Aging Conditions on the

Fracture of an Unreerystallized Aluminum-Lithium-Zirconium (AI-Li-Zr)

Alloy--P. c. McKEIGHAN, B. M. HILLBERRY, AND T. H. SANDERS, JR.

Development of Fatigue Life Prediction Program for Multiple Surface Cracks--

Y.-J. KIM, Y.-S. CHOY, AND J.-H. LEE

Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Titanium Aluminide Ti-25AI-25Nb--

S. J. BALSONE, D. C. MAXWELL, AND T. F. BRODERICK

Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Measurements in Aluminum Alloy Forgings: Effects of

Residual Stress and Grain Flow--R. w. BUSH, R. J. BUCCI, P. E. MAGNUSEN,

AND G. W. KUHLMAN

Fatigue Crack Growth Analysis of Structures Exposed to Fluids with Oscillating

Temperature Distributions--s. CHATTOPADHYAY

Development of a Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Specimen Suitable for a Multiple

Specimen Test Configeration--F. g. DESHAYES AND W. H. HARTT

Ultrasonic Characterization of Fatigue Crack Closure--R. B. THOMPSON, O. BUCK,

AND D. K. REHBEIN

515

536

551

568

590

598

619

COMPOSITES AND NONMETALS

Dehonding Force of a Single Fiber from a Composite Body--s.-s. LEO AND

J. L. HILL

A Finite-Element Analysis of Nonlinear Behavior of the End-Loaded Split

Laminate Specimen--c. R. CORLETO AND H. A. HOGAN

Investigating the Near-Tip Fracture Behavior and Damage Characteristics in a

Particulate Composite Material--c.-T. LIU

Modeling the Progressive Failure of Laminated Composites with Continuum

Damage Mechanics--o. c. LO, D. H. ALLEN, AND C. E. HARRIS

Effect of Fiber-Matrix Debonding on Notched Strength of Titanium Metal-Matrix

Composites--c. A. BIGELOW AND W. S. JOHNSON

Evolution of Notch-Tip Damage in Metal-Matrix Composites During Static

Loading--J. G. BAKUCKAS, JR., J. AWERBUCH, T.-M. TAN, AND A. C. W. LAU

635

649

668

680

696

713

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Experimental Verification of a New Two-Parameter Fracture Model--

D. E. RICHARDSON AND J. G. GOREE

Translaminate Fracture of Notched Graphite/Epoxy Laminates--c. E. HARRIS

AND D. H. MORRIS

Near-Tip Behavior of Particulate Composite Material Containing Cracks at

Ambient and Elevated Temperatures--c. w. SMITH, L. WANG, H. MOUILLE,

AND C.-T. LIU

Static Fatigue in Dilatant-Zone-Toughened Ceramics--K. DUAN, B. COTTERELL,

AND Y.-W. MAI

Fracture Energy Dissipation Mechanism of Concrete--z. GUO, J.-H. YON,

N. M. HAWKINS, AND A. S. KOBAYASHI

738

751

775

788

797

PROBABILISTIC AND DYNAMIC ISSUES

Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics Evaluation of Local Brittle Zones in HSLA-80

Steel Weldments--L. ~. EISELSTEIN, D. O. HARRIS, T. M. SCOONOVER, AND

C. A. RAU

Rapid Crack Propagation in Polyethylene Pipes: The Role of Charpy and Dynamic

Fracture Testing--P. s. LEEVERS, P. YAYLA, AND M. A. WHEEL

Effects of Sample Size and Loading Rate on the Transition Behavior of a Ductile

Iron (DI) Alloy--R. SALZBRENNER AND T. B. CRENSHAW

Author Index

Subject Index

809

826

840

859

861

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STP1189-EB/Sep. 1993

Overview

The National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics has evolved, since its beginnings in 1965,

into an annual forum for the exchange of ideas related to the fracture of engineering materials.

The Twenty-Third National Symposium carried on this tradition and was held in College Station,Texas, on 18-20 June 1991. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee E24

on Fracture Testing, with the cooperation and support of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Texas A&M University.

The diversity of interests and the wide range of problem areas in which fracture mechanics

can play a role in ensuring structural integrity was reflected in the topic areas that were

addressed in the 63 papers that were presented at the symposium. The symposium drew I l0

attendees from 18 countries around the world, highlighting the strong international flavor that

the National Symposium and ASTM's fracture-related activities have acquired over the years.

The efforts of the authors of the manuscripts submitted for publication and the diligence of

the persons entrusted with the task of peer-reviewing these submittals have resulted in the compilation of papers that appear in this volume. These papers represent a broad overview of the

current state of the art in fracture mechanics research and should serve as a timely recording

of advances in basic understanding, as a compilation of the latest test procedures and results,

as the basis of new insights and approaches that would be of value to designers and practitioners, and as a stimulus to future research.

The volume opens with the paper by Dr. John M. Barsom, who delivered the Second

Annual Jerry L. Swedlow Memorial Lecture at this symposium. Barsom's presentation

addressed the need for a better understanding of the basic issues involved in several different

structural applications of fracture mechanics technology. As such, it serves as a road map for

future directions and is a highly appropriate tribute to the memory of the individual who

played a very important role in shaping the National Symposium into the forum that it is

today.

Following the Swedlow Lecture are forty-five papers that have been broadly grouped into

seven topical areas, based on the main theme of each paper. These groupings are, however,

only intended as an aid to the reader, since no classification can ever be absolute. Topics of

interest to a particular reader will therefore be found throughout this volume, and the reader

is encouraged to consult the Index for the location of topics of specific interest.

The groupings that have been adopted are detailed next and are similar to the broad categories that were used to divide the presentations into coherent topical sessions at the symposium itself. The first group of nine papers addresses analytical and constraint-related issues in

elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, with much of the emphasis being on topics related to transition range behavior. The next section of seven papers also deals with elastic-plastic fracture,

but emphasizes applications. Following this are two sections that both address linear-elastic

fracture mechanics, with a group of three papers emphasizing analytical aspects, and a group

of four papers that are more applications oriented. Subcritical crack growth and nondestructive evaluation methods are the joint themes of the next group of eight papers. Following this

are eleven papers addressing the fracture of composites and nonmetals, a topic area that is

receiving increasing attention from the fracture community and which had significant repreCopyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:12:57 EST 2015 Copyright* 1993 by ASTM International www.astm.org

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2 FRACTURE MECHANICS: TWENTY-THIRD SYMPOSIUM

sentation at a National Symposium for the first time. Finally, a grouping of three papers dealing with probabilistic and dynamic issues closes out this volume.

In addition to the technical program, a highlight of the symposium was the presentation by

Dr. George R. Irwin of the 1991 medal named in his honor to Dr. Hugo A. Ernst of the Georgia

Institute of Technology, and the presentation by Dr. C. Michael Hudson, Chairman of Committee E24, of the 1991 Award of Merit and designation of Fellow of ASTM to Dr. Richard

P. Gangloff of the University of Virginia.

The Symposium Organizing Committee consisting of Prof. T. L Anderson, Prof. R. Chona,

Dr. J. P. Gudas, Dr. W. S. Johnson, Jr., Prof. V, K. Kinra, Prof. J. D. Landes, Mr. J. G. Merkle,

Prof. R. J. Sanford, and Mr. E. T. Wessel are pleased to have been a part of this very significant

technical activity. The committee and the symposium chairman in particular would like to

express their appreciation of the support received from the authors of the various papers presented at the symposium; of the thoroughness of the peer-reviewers who have played a major

role in ensuring the technical quality and archival nature of the contents of this publication,

of the efforts by various ASTM staffto help make the symposium and this volume a success,

particularly Mr. P. J. Barr, Ms. L. Hanson, Ms. H. M. Hoersch, Ms. M. T. Pravitz, Ms. D.

Savini, and Ms. N. Sharkey; and of the support, encouragement, and assistance extended by

Prof. W. L. Bradley, Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Texas A&M University. Finally, the symposium chairman would like to especially thank Ms. Katherine A.

Bedford, Staff Assistant at Texas A&M University, for all her contributions during the planning of the symposium and the preparation of this volume.

Ravinder Chona

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas

A&M University,College Station, Texas;

symposium chairman and editor.

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Jerry L. Swedlow Memorial Lecture

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John M. Barsom I

Structural Problems in Search of Fracture

Mechanics Solutions*

REFERENCE: Barsom, J. M., "Structural Problems in Search of Fracture Mechanics Solutions," Fracture Mechanics: Twenty- Third Symposium, ASTM STP 1189, Ravinder Chona, Ed.,

American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1993, pp. 5-34.

ABSTRACT: This second Jerry L. Swedlow Memorial Lecture presents a few significant developments in fracture mechanics that occurred over the past 25 years and some unresolved problems relating to materials and design and to technology transfer and education. Examples of

some accomplishments and problems needing solutions are presented in areas of fracture toughness, including elastic, elastic-plastic and short cracks, and of environmental effects.

Professor Jerry L. Swedlow was an educator and a researcher who devoted his career to the

transfer of technology to his students and to scientists and engineers. Thus, the lecture appropriately concludes with a few observations, needs, and recommendations concerning technology

transfer.

KEY WORDS: fracture mechanics, fatigue (materials)

It is an honor and a privilege to present the second Swedlow Memorial Lecture. Jerry was a

colleague with whom I worked closely on several projects. He was a neighbor whose children

and mine spent several years playing and growing up together. Above all, Jerry was a friend

whom I think of frequently and I miss terribly. I thank the National Symposium Committee

for inviting me to make this presentation.

Although Jerry Swedlow's publications were concentrated in the analytical aspect of fracture mechanics, his interests spanned all facets of the technology. He was very interested in

applying fracture mechanics to practical problems and toiled hard as a professor and as chairman of the National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics to transfer the available knowledge

to others. Jerry and others' contributions to the analytical aspects of fracture and some of the

unresolved analytical problems have been presented by M. L. Williams [ 1] in the first Jerry L.

Swedlow Memorial Lecture. This second lecture presents a few significant fracture mechanics

developments that occurred over the past 25 years and some unresolved problems relating to

materials and design and to technology transfer and education.

Materials and Design Considerations

The application of national and international specifications results in safe and reliable engineering structures. These specifications are continually being updated and should reflect the

most current knowledge in a given field. Incorrect use and violation of the requirements of the

specifications may result in failure of a component or an entire structure. Also, because specifications present minimum requirements, the need for additional requirements must be

1 Senior consultant, Metallurgical Services, U.S. Steel, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-4776.

* Second Annual Jerry L. Swedlow Memorial Lecture.

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6 FRACTURE MECHANICS: TWENTY-THIRD SYMPOSIUM

investigated for new and improved designs, for use of new materials, for use of common matedais in new and unique applications, and for any other nontraditional situation. Such an

investigation should occur early in the design process, at which time the responsible engineer

should obtain and incorporate the needed additional requirements.

Technical developments during the past 20 years resulted in significantly improved characterization of the behavior and performance of steel structures. These developments include

understanding and prediction of the effects of temperature and rate of loading on fracture

toughness, the fatigue crack initiation and propagation behavior of fabricated components

under constant and variable amplitude loading, and corrosion fatigue crack initiation and

propagation behavior of constructional steels in aqueous environments [2]. Some of these

developments have been incorporated in specifications for bridges [2,3].

Although significant progress has occurred during the past 25 years, further technical

accomplishments are needed to improve the safety, reliability, and economy of steel structures. Predictive models are needed to identify fatigue-crack initiation sites and unstable crack

extension in weldments where large variations in mechanical properties and microstructure

occur in neighboring small regions. Analytical and experimental procedures are needed to

characterize the fatigue and fracture, behavior of short cracks where traditional fracture

mechanics analyses for deep cracks are not valid. Plant-life extension methodologies should

be developed to predict the remaining life of plant components. Other problems exist for

which solutions are needed and where fracture mechanics technology can contribute significantly. The following sections present some accomplishments and problems needing solutions

in the areas of fracture toughness, including elastic, elastic-plastic, and short cracks and of

environmental effects.

Linear Elastic Fracture-Toughness Characterization

Most constructional steels can fracture either in a ductile or in a brittle manner. The mode

of fracture is governed by the temperature at fracture, the rate at which the load is applied, and

the magnitude of the constraints that prevent plastic deformation. The effects of these parameters on the mode of fracture are reflected in the fracture-toughness behavior of the material.

In general, the fracture toughness increases with increasing temperature, decreasing load rate

and decreasing constraint. Furthermore there is no single unique fracture-toughness value for

a given steel even at a fixed temperature and loading rate.

The increase of fracture toughness with temperature is shown in Fig. 1 for Charpy V-notch

(CVN) specimens and in Fig. 2 for plane-strain critical stress intensity factor, Kxc, specimens

[2,4]. The data in Fig. 2 also show the shift of the fracture-toughness transition curve to higher

temperature as the rate of loading increases.

From a failure analysis point of view, the fracture-toughness value for the material may be

used to calculate the critical crack size at fracture under a given applied stress, or the magnitude

of the stress at fracture for a given critical crack size. However, it is essential that the fracturetoughness value be determined at the fracture temperature and at the appropriate loading rate

for the structural component of interest. A low dynamic fracture toughness [7 J for example,

(5 ft. lbf)] at the fracture temperature does not necessarily mean that the steel did not possess

adequate fracture toughness under slow loading conditions, Similarly, cleavage features at a

short distance from the initiation site do not necessarily mean that the steel was brittle under

slow loading conditions. Unfortunately, misunderstanding these simple and basic observations has resulted in erroneous analyses of fractures.

The Charpy V-notch impact specimen continues to be the most widely used specimen for

characterizing the fracture-toughness behavior of steels. These specimens are. routinely tested

for many failures regardless of the relevance of the test results to the particular investigation.

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BARSOM ON SWEDLQW MEMORIAL LECTURE 7

~: 40

g 3O

~ 20

125

~ 100

~ 75

Fracture-energy

transition

Low-carbon steel, semikilled (0.18 C. 0.54 Mn. 0.07 Si)

f" r /!

v !o,c,- of rdl~ 9

Fracture-appearance

transition

f /

I / Charpy V-notch ! / ~ /I

50 I / 1--Total /'

/x. shear area...

2s I ;"T ! i 0 (b) I ,------'/" 1 Cleavage area, ,

15 Fraction-ductility I Charpy

transition / V-notch

= 5 ,...~,*~ Expansion /~

0 (c) - ~ ~ , measurement ~,

-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Temperature, ~ F

FIG. 1--Charpy V-notch test results for a low-carbon steel.

Furthermore, the steel is usually characterized as brittle and not having sufficient fracture

toughness for its intended application if it exhibits Charpy V-notch values below about 20 J

(15 ft. lbf) at the fracture temperature. The characterization is made without regard for the

difference in loading rate between the test and the structure.

The static and dynamic (impact) fracture-toughness behavior for constructional steels can

be understood by considering the fracture toughness transition curves, Fig. 3 [2,4,5]. The shift

(that is, distance along the temperature axis) between the static and impact fracture-toughness

transition curves depends on the yield strength of the steel, Fig. 4 [2,4,5]. Thus, the static and

impact fracture-toughness transition curves are represented by a single curve for steels having

yield strengths higher than about 897 MPa (130 ksi). On the other hand, the shift between these

curves is about 71 ~ (160~ for a 248 MPa (36 ksi) yield strength steel.

The fracture-toughness curve for either static or dynamic loading can be divided into three

regions as shown in Fig. 3. In Regions I, and Ia for the static and dynamic curves, respectively,

the steel exhibits a low fracture-toughness value.

In Regions II, and IIa, the fracture toughness to initiate unstable crack propagation under

static and dynamic loading, respectively, increases with increasing temperature. In Regions

Ills and Ilia, the static and dynamic fracture toughness, respectively, reach a constant uppershelf value.

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8 FRACTURE MECHANICS: TWENTY-THIRD SYMPOSIUM

qt"

It"

t-" r

1 I I I

Ktc~l)

KId 8 = 0.4 Kid I

B=O4- "3"I..B =04/

1 ksi~ = 1.1 MPa

*~ ~ = 5/9 (~ - 32)

u. 1C 9 Slow-Bend Load (~:---10-Ssec -1)

I Intermediate Strain-Rate Load (E: =10 -3 sec -1)

II E: > 10 -3 sec -1

9 Dynamic Load (E: --- 10 sec -1)

L J J, I 1 I

400 -300 -200 -100 0 NDT 100

Temperature, ~

FIG. 2--Effect of temperature and loading rate on plane-strain fracture toughness o fan A36 steel plate.

w 0

Region Is-~---p-Region lls-~F-"~ Region Ills

Cleavage 'I l Increasing l Full-Shear Initiation

Initiation " Shear I

I l --

I I ,f f-

" 1

- Region I d -,---~-Region lid'-= "-'-'~ Region IIId

Cleavage Propagation I Increasing Full-Shear

I Shear Propagation

I I I.. I I

A B C D E

Temperature

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