Astm stp 1116 1991

STP 1116

Insulation Materials:

Testing and Applications, 2nd Volume

Ronald S. Graves and Donald C. Wysocki, editors

ITI ASTM

1916 Race Street

Philadelphia, PA 19103

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PCN: 04-011160-61

ISSN: 10581170

ISBN: 0-8031-1420-6

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Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by three peer reviewers.

The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of

both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM Committee on Publications.

The quality of the papers in this publication reflect not only the obvious

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ASTM.

Printed in Chelsea, MI

October 1991

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Foreword

This publication, Insulation Materials: Testing and Applications, 2nd Volume, contains

papers presented at the symposium of the same name, held in Gatlinburg, TN on 10-12

Oct. 1991. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee C-16 on Thermal Insulation.

Ronald S. Graves of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN and Donald C.

Wysocki of the Mobay Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA, presided as symposium co-chairmen

and are editors of the resulting publication.

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Contents

Overview--R. s. GRAVES AND D. C. WYSOCKI

REFLECTIVES/RADIANT BARRIERS/RADIATION CONTROL COATINGS

Preliminary Assessment of Radiation Control Coatings for Buildings--

R. W. ANDERSON, D. W. YARBROUGH, R. S. GRAVES, AND R. L. WENDT

Prediction of the Thermal Performance of Single and Multi-Airspace Reflective

Insulation Materials--A. o. DI~SJARLAIS AND D. W. YARBROUGH

A Stratified Air Model for Simulation of Attic Thermal Performance--

D. S. PARKER, P. W. FAIREY, AND L. GU

ECONOMICS AND ENERGY [MPACT

The Use of Economic Analysis in Developing an Energy Standard: Lessons

Learned--M. F. McBRIDE

Energy Code Measures to Assure the Effectiveness of Thermal Insulation Installed

in Buildings--B. D. NELSON

A Su~ey of Loose-Fill Insulations Installed in Residential Attics--R. A. PENNEY

AND D. W. YARBROUGH

ZIP 2.0: The Enhanced Zip-Code Insulation Program--s. R. PETERSEN

LONG-TERM THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF FOAMS

Evaluation of Long-Term Thermal Performance of Cellular Plastics Revisited--

M, T. BOMBERG AND M. K. KUMARAN

Thermal Measurement of In-Situ and Thin-Specimen Aging of Experimental

Polyisocyanurate Roof Insulation Foamed with Alternative Blowing Agents--

J. E. CHRISTIAN, G. E. COURVILLE, R. S. GRAVES, R. L. LINKOUS,

D. L. MCELROY, F. J. WEAVER, AND D. W. YARBROUGH

100

109

123

142

Fundamental Aspects of Thermal Conductivity Aging and Dimensional Stability of

Rigid Polyurethane Foams--G. F. SMITS AND J. A. THOEN t67

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ASSESSMENTS AND PROPERTIES OF FOAMS

Some Factors Affecting the Long-Term Thermal Insulating Performance of Extruded

Polystyrene Foams--J. R. BOOTH 197

Thermal Performance of HCFC-22 Blown Extruded Polystyrene Insu|ation--

D. W. YARBROUGH, R. S. GRAVES, AND J. E. CHRISTIAN 214

CFC Blowing Agents Substitutes-A Status Report--L. M. ZWOLINSKI,

G. M. KNOPECK, AND I. R. SHANKLAND 229

A Review of Techniques for Improved Foam Conductivity: Reducing Radiation

Heat Transfer, Limiting Aging and Inclusion of Vacuum Elements--

L. R. GLICKSMAN~ M. BURKE, A. MARGE, AND M. MOZGOWIEC 237

CONVECTION IN FIBROUS INSULATION

The Effect of Natural Convective Air Flows in Residential Attics on Ceiling

Insulating Materials--w. B. ROSE AND D. J. MCCAA 263

Thermal Performance of One Loose-Fill Fiberglass Attic Insulation--K. E. WILKES,

R. L. WENDT, A. DELMAS, AND P. W. CHILDS 275

Forced Convection Effects in Fibrous Thermal Insulation--A. SILBERSTEIN,

E. ARQUIS, AND D. J. MCCAA 292

TESTS AND MODELS

Experimental Test Results of Interior vs. Exterior Insulation in Extremely Hot

Ciimates--I. AL-MOFEEZ AND P. K. WOODS 313

Hot Box Instrumentation, Calibration, and Error Estimation--A Survey--

R. G. MILLER AND W. V. GOSS 326

Comparison of Heat Transfer Modeling with Experimental Results for Residential

Attic Insulations--R. GORTHALA, J. A. ROUX, W. P. LEVINS, AND

K. E. WILKES 355

Combined Conduction, Radiation Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer in Fibrous Attic

Insulations--R. GORTHALA, J. A. ROUX, AND P. W. FAIRLY, III 371

PERFORMANCE FACTORS I

Moisture Diffusion in Thermal Insulating Materiais--v. FREITAS, P. CRAUSSE, AND

V. ABRANTES 389

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The Effect of Exterior Insulating Sheathing on Wall Moisture--G. A. TSONGAS 401

Thermal Conductivity of Several Concretes as a Function of Moisture--

T. ASHWORTH AND E. ASHWORTH 415

Thermal Insulation Under Fire--N. SCHULTZ 430

INNOVATIVE INSULATIONS

Gas-Filled Panel High-Performance Thermal Insulation--B. T. GRIFFITH,

D. ARASTEH, AND S. SELKOWITZ

AerogelnA High Performance Insulating Material at 0.1 Bar--A. J. HUNT,

C. A. JANTZEN, AND W. CAO

Reduction of High-Temperature Thermal Conductivity of Thin-Wall Ceramic

Spheres--A. T. CHAPMAN, J. K. COCHRAN, T. R. FORD, S. D. FURLONG, AND

D. L. McELROY

441

455

464

TEST METHODS AND COMPARISONS

Automated Low-Temperature Guarded Hot Plate for Measuring Apparent

Conductivity--D. R. SMITH, W. P. DUBI~, AND B. J~ FILLA "

Intra-Laboratory Comparison of a Line-Heat-Source Guarded Hot Plate and

Heat-Flow-Meter Apparatus--R. R. ZARR

A Round-Robin Comparison of Australasian Thermal Laboratories--

H. A. TRETHOWEN AND A. O. DESJARLAIS

Interlaboratory Comparison of the Apparent Thermal Conductivity of a Fibrous

Batt and Four Loose-Fill Insulations--D. J. MCCAA AND D. R. SMITH ET AL.

ASTM/DOE Hot Box Round Robin--E. BALES

Thermal Properties of Selected Materials From Steady-State and Transient Tests--

R. S. GRAVES, D. W. YARBROUGH, D. L. McELROY, AND H. A. FINE

479

502

520

534

558

572

PERFORMANCE FACTORS II

Underground Cellular Glass Pipe Insulation Failures in Quebec and Louisiana--

W. A. LOTZ 595

Effects of Aeration on Corrosiveness of Wet Residential Building Thermal Insulation

on Low Carbon Steel--E. E. STANSBURY 603

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Tensile Testing of EIFS Laminas--s. N. FLANDERS, R. G. LAMPO, AND

A. G. DAVIES, JR.

Field Performance, Hydrolysis and Durability of Urea Formaldehyde Foam

Insulation in Australian Dwellings--s. g. BROWN

Author Index

Subject Index

619

633

649

651

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STP1116-EB/Oct. 1991

Overview

ASTM Committee C-16 on Thermal Inslalation enters its second halfcentury with the 1991 Symposium on Insulation Materials: Testing and

Applications. STP 1116 contains the proceedings of the Symposium that

brought together the latest information on thermal insulations, test methods

applicable to thermal insulations, and applications. In keeping with its scope,

ASTM Committee C-16 has held many programs to present the latest

information on insulation materials and their test methods. A tangible result of

these programs has been the publication of over a dozen ASTM Special

Technical Publications covering the technology of thermal insulation.

This STP reflects the interest in this decade of conserving energy and

protecting the environment. The Symposium and the resulting STP clearly

demonstrate the Committee's objective of providing timely information on the

testing, characterization, use, and development of thermal insulations. In the

1970s and 1980s, interest and activity in thermal insulation was spurred by the

growing recognition of the need for energy conservation. The value of thermal

insulation in combating the impact of rising energy costs and in sustaining

economic growth was widely recognized. While these economic factors are still

important, society's attention today is shifting toward the effects which the

production and consumption of energy have on our environment. The role of

thermal insulation in mitigating these effects until new, more environmentally

sound energy technologies are developed becomes even more important.

International agreements to phase-out the use of CFCs has impacted

the field of thermal insulations. This impact is demonstrated by a significant

fraction of the Symposium and the STP devoted to the long-term performance

for cellular plastics and foamboard insulations. Fundamental questions about

aging, stability, testing, and overall acceptability of a new generation of

insulating foams are addressed. Increasing interest in high-R innovative

insulations is demonstrated in this STP by reports of research on evacuated

panel insulations, non-CFC high performance insulations; aerogels, and thinwall ceramic spheres.

As the need for energy conservation increases, so does the need for

environmentally sound insulation materials, the need for better understanding

of the factors which affect insulation performance, and the need for better test

methodology.

Research in the area of thermal insulations and the testing of products

has matured. Heat transfer mechanisms are being given more attention than in

the past, and the effects of moisture and positioning of insulation in the

building envelope are being studied. A wide range of factors that affect

performance were presented and discussed at the 1991 Symposium and

presented in this STP. An understanding of mechanisms and performance

factors is crucial to the design and use of thermal insulations to obtain optimum

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2 INSULATION MATERIALS: TESTING AND APPLICATIONS

results. Control of thermal radiation and a quantitative evaluation of convective

effects in relatively low-density insulations are examples of the detailed research that

was presented.

The manufacture, testing, and use of insulations in the building industry has

high priority with C 16 and received significant attention at the Symposium.

Economic evaluations and regulation activities are becoming more sophisticated.

Inspections of materials in actual use configurations continues to be an important

issue.

The 1991 Symposium was international in scope with participation from

seven nations including the United States. The papers presented represented input

from the industrial sector, the National Laboratories in the United States, Canada,

and Australia, and Universities in the United States, the Netherlands, and Portugal.

The STP will be useful to a wide range of professionals dealing with thermal

insulations by presenting research on currently used materials and thermal

insulations under development.

The significance of the STP is directly related to the efforts of the

contributing authors, the technical reviewers, and session chairpersons. Session

chairpersons and reviewers are identified on the following page and appreciation is

expressed here. The editors also wish to acknowledge the contributions of the

Steering Committee: R. L. Baumgardner, W. M. Edmunds, and D. L. McElroy.

Ronald S. Graves

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831

Symposium Co-Chairman and Editor

Donald C. Wysocki

Mobay Corporation

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15205

Symposium Co-Chairman and Editor

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OVERVIEW 3

Session Chairpersons for the 1991 Symposium on Insulation Materials

Dr. David W. Yarbrough - Tennessee Technological University

Dr. Stephen R. Petersen - National Institute of Standards and Technology

Dr. Mark T. Bomberg - National Research Council of Canada

Mr. Ronald P. Tye - Consultant

Dr. Ian R. Shankland - Allied Signal, Inc.

Dr. David J. McCaa - CertainTeed Corporation

Dr. William P. Goss - University of Massachusetts

Dr. R. Gerry Miller - Jim Walter Research Corp.

Ms. Martha G. Van Geem - Construction Technology Laboratories, Inc.

Dr. Arlon J. Hunt - Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Mr. Andr6 O. Desjarlais - Holometrix, Inc.

Dr. Clifford J. Shirtliffe - National Research Council of Canada

Mr. John Mumaw - Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation

Mr. Gordon H. Hart - Performance Contracting, Inc.

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4 INSULATION MATERIALS: TESTING AND APPLICATIONS

Technical Reviewers for the 1991 Symposium on Insulation Materials

Mark Albers Ed Griggs Dave Ober

Dariush Aresteh Roy Grube Francesco De Ponte

Lorraine Aulisio Ralph Greif Richard Ray

Donald Berg Joe Hagan Gerald Riskowsld

Deb Bhattacharjee James Hall Ron Ritschard

Mark Bomberg Sang Han Jeff Roux

Dale Brandreth Gordon Hart William Rose

Doug Burch Arlon Hunt Ian Shankland

Steve Braun Francis Hutto Mort Sherman

Garry Chu Ronald Kammerud Paul Shipp

Jeff Christian Kenneth Kihm Cliff Shirtliffe

Robin Clarke Tom Kollie Ev Shuman

John Daugherty Nick Kozin Raj Sikand

Andr6 Desjarlais Mike Lacher Anne Silberstein

Pete Doerge M. Londrigan David Smith

Tom Dowds Russ Mack Bill Strzepek

Philip Fairey, III Marlo Martin Anton TenWolde

Hunter Fanney Chris Mathis Harold Trethowen

Tom Fellinger Ken Mentzer Isacc Turiel

Alan Fine Merle McBride Ron Tye

Stephen Flanders Dave McCaa Ken Wilkes

Dan Flynn Mike McCabe Keith Wilson

David Gaul Dave McElroy Tom Whitaker

Martha Van Geem Gerry Miller Barbara Wojtechko

Randy Gerrish Duvon McGuire Wen-Poa Wu

Charles Gilbo John Mumaw Dave Yarbrough

Leon Glicksman Patrick Noonan Leon Zwolinski

Ron Graves T.E. Phalen, Jr.

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Reflectives/Radiant Barriers/Radiation

Control Coatings

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Robert W. Anderson, David W. Yarbrough, Ronald S. Graves, and

Robert L. Wendt

PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF RADIATION CONTROL COATINGS FOR BUILDINGS

REFERENCE: Anderson, R. W., Yarbrough, D. W., Graves, R. S., and

Wendt, R. L., "Preliminary Assessment of Radiation Control

Coatings for Buildings," InsuSation M~ter%als; Testin~ and

ADolications. 2nd Volume, ASTM STP 1116, R. S. Graves and

D. C. Wysocki, Eds., American Society for Testing and

Materials, Philadelphia, 1991.

ABSTRACT: Radiation Control Coatings (RCCs) applied to external

building surfaces can reflect about 85 percent of the solar

heating from the surfaces of buildings. Since in warm climates,

solar heating is the primary source of heat gain through walls

and roofs, RCC technology represents an alternative or adjunct to

conventional thermal control methods (e.g. thermal insulation)

for opaque building components.

The primary objectives of this project were to: (I) obtain solar

and infrared reflectance data for representative RCC products,

(2) evaluate test methods for measurement of the radiative

properties of RCCs; (3) calculate the changes in heat flow

attributed to RCCs in flat roof applications in several

geographic locations; and (4)compare field tests and calculated

thermal performance of an RCC in a flat roof configuration.

Data are presented for the reflectance properties of five

commercially available RCC products as determined by several test

methods. The potential energy benefits of RCCs are presented for

flat roofs in both warm and cold climates.

KEYWORDS: radiation control coatings, building heat loads,

building cooling loads, thermal insulation, solar reflectance,

emittance, infrared reflectance

Mr. Anderson is President, Robert W. Anderson and Associates,

Inc., 441 Intrepid Court, Boulder City, NV 89005; Dr. Yarbrough,

Mr. Graves and Mr. Wendt are senior scientists at Oak Ridge National

Laboratory,, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831

Copyrigh~1991byASTMlnternational www.astm.org

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8 INSULATION MATERIALS: TESTING AND APPLICATIONS

INTRODUCTION

Coating materials that have the combined properties of high solar

reflectance and high long wavelength emittance can reduce heat gains

through roof and wall sections. Such coatings, defined as Radiation

Control Coatings (RCCs), have potential as an energy conservation

material when applied to the exterior of buildings in locations where

cooling loads predominate. Under certain applications, RCCs represent

an alternative or adjunct to conventional thermal insulations for

thermal control. Although the potential benefits of RCCs have been

discussed in the literature [i-3], there are only limited data

regarding the properties of RCC materials and their thermal

performance in building applications.

Under this project, integrated research was conducted to first

characterize RCC products; secondly, to calculate the thermal

performances of RCCs in different climatic areas by means of computer

modeling; and thirdly, to measure the thermal performance of a RCC

product under field conditions. The primary objectives of this

project were:

i. To obtain valid radiative property data for typical RCCs for

the evaluation of the thermal performance of RCCs in building

applications.

2. To assess the energy conservation potential of RCCs in building

applications.

3. To increase the awareness of the building industry of the

potential applications of RCCs.

This paper summarizes the major results of the project. More

detailed data will be presented in the final project report.

The type of RCC products selected for testing were limited to

commercially available white elastomeric coatings formulated with

acrylic-latex resin binders. It should be noted that in addition to

this class of RCC products, other products formulated with different

resin bases, such as epoxies or polyurethanes, are also commercially

available. Since the radiative properties of these other products

were not tested, characteristics of such other products cannot be made

from the test data described in this project.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

The thermal performance of RCCs is dependent on their radiative

properties. Only limited radiative property data are available from

manufacturers. Although there are some standardized testing

procedures available for measuring radiative properties, such testing

methods have not been evaluated for RCC materials.

To meet the objectives of the project, a three step approach was

taken to evaluate the potential thermal performance of RCCs in

building applications:

i. Characterize the application and radiative properties of five

commercially available RCC products.

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