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An Introduction to Intercultural Communication
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An Introduction to Intercultural Communication
Ninth Edition
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An Introduction to Intercultural Communication
Identities in a Global Community
Fred E. Jandt
Los Angeles
London
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Singapore
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3
SAGE Publications, Inc.
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Printed in the United States of America
Copyright © 2018 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
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permission in writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
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Names: Jandt, Fred Edmund, author.
Title: An introduction to intercultural communication: identities in a global community / Fred E. Jandt.
Description: Ninth Edition. | Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE, [2018] | Previous edition: 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017029744 | ISBN 9781506361659
(paperback: acid-free paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Intercultural communication. | Intercultural communication–United States. | Communication, International.
Classification: LCC GN345 .J43 2018 | DDC 303.48/2–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017029744
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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Brief Contents
About the Author
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART 1. Culture as Context for Communication
CHAPTER 1. Defining Culture and Communication
CHAPTER 2. Barriers to Intercultural Communication
PART 2. Communication Variables
CHAPTER 3. Context, Perception, and Competence
CHAPTER 4. Nonverbal Communication
CHAPTER 5. Language as a Barrier
PART 3. Cultural Values
CHAPTER 6. Dimensions of Nation-State Cultures
CHAPTER 7. Dominant U.S. Cultural Patterns Using Value Orientation Theory
CHAPTER 8. Religion and Identity
CHAPTER 9. Culture and Gender
PART 4. Cultures Within Cultures
CHAPTER 10. Immigration and Acculturation
CHAPTER 11. Cultures Within Cultures
CHAPTER 12. Identity and Subgroups
PART 5. Applications
CHAPTER 13. Contact Between Cultures
CHAPTER 14. Future Challenges
Glossary
References
Index
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Detailed Contents
About the Author
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART 1. Culture as Context for Communication
©iStockphoto.com/FatCameraCHAPTER 1. Defining Culture and Communication
Sources of Identity
Religion and Identity
National Identity
Class and Identity
Gender and Identity
Race, Skin Color, and Identity
Civilization and Identity
Culture
Subculture
Ethnicity
Co-Culture
American Indians
Subgroup
Microculture
Communication
Cultural Definitions of Communication
Confucian Perspectives on Communication
Western Perspectives on Communication
The Media of Intercultural Communication
Human Couriers and Intermediaries
Telephone
Internet
Social Media
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Note
Readings
©iStockphoto.com/itchySanCHAPTER 2. Barriers to Intercultural Communication
Anxiety
Assuming Similarity Instead of Difference
Ethnocentrism
Stereotypes and Prejudice
Stereotypes
Negative Effects on Communication
Case Study: Asian-Americans
Prejudice
Racism
White Privilege
Case Studies
The Roma
Japan and Korea
Extended Case Study of Intercultural Communication Barriers: China and the United
States
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Anxiety
History
Economy
Population
Regional Differences
Assuming Similarity Instead of Difference
Air Space
South China Sea
Broadcast Media and the Internet
Ethnocentrism
Status of Taiwan
Tibet
Human Rights and Free Speech
Stereotypes and Prejudice
Energy and Sustainability
Economic Issues
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Readings
PART 2. Communication Variables
Frank Bienewald/LightRocket/Getty ImagesCHAPTER 3. Context, Perception, and
Competence
High Versus Low Context
The Concept of Face
Perception
Sensing
Effect of Culture on Sensing
Perceiving
Selection
Japanese/English Difficulties With Speech Sounds
Organization
Grouping Like Objects Together
Interpretation
Dogs as Pets or as Food
Weather Vane as Christian Cross
Case Study: Airport Security
Intercultural Communication Competence
Third Culture
Multiculturalism
Postethnic Cultures
Intercultural Communication Ethics
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Note
Readings
©iStockphoto.com/STUDIOGRANDOUESTCHAPTER 4. Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal Behaviors
Nonverbal Communication Functions
Types of Nonverbal Communication
Proxemics
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Territoriality
Kinesics
Chronemics
Paralanguage
Silence
Haptics
Artifactual Communication
Olfactics
Knowing Culture Through Nonverbal Messages
Case Study: The Wai in Thailand
Nonverbal Misinterpretations as a Barrier
Case Study: Korean-American Neighborhood Businesses
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
©iStockphoto.com/robyvannucciCHAPTER 5. Language as a Barrier
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Development of the Hypothesis
Vocabulary
Grammar and Syntax
Criticisms of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Linguistic Relativism
Case Study: Arabic and the Arab Culture
Translation Problems
Vocabulary Equivalence
Idiomatic Equivalence
Grammatical-Syntactical Equivalence
Experiential Equivalence
Conceptual Equivalence
Human and Machine Translators
Pidgins, Creoles, and Universal Languages
Pidgins
Creoles
Esperanto
Language as Nationalism
Kiswahili in East Africa
The Spread of English
India
South Africa
Australia and New Zealand
Canada
United States
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Readings
PART 3. Cultural Values
©iStockphoto.com/valentinrussanovCHAPTER 6. Dimensions of Nation-State Cultures
The Hofstede Dimensions
Individualism Versus Collectivism
Case Study: Singapore
Masculinity Versus Femininity
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Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance
Long-Term Versus Short-Term Orientation
Indulgence Versus Self-Restraint
Environmental Sustainability
The Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner Dimensions
Case Study: Japan as a Homogeneous Culture
Geography and History
Population and Economy
Cultural Patterns
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Readings
©iStockphoto.com/kreicherCHAPTER 7. Dominant U.S. Cultural Patterns Using Value
Orientation Theory
Origins of U.S. Cultural Patterns
Pre-16th-Century Indigenous Americans
European Enlightenment
Regional Differences Resulting From Immigration
Forces Toward the Development of a Dominant Culture
Value Orientation Theory
What Is a Human Being's Relation to Nature?
The Individual-and-Nature Relationship
Science and Technology
Materialism
What Is the Modality of Human Activity?
Activity and Work
Efficiency and Practicality
Progress and Change
What Is the Temporal Focus of Human Life?
What Is the Character of Innate Human Nature?
Goodness
Rationality
Mutability
What Is the Relationship of the Individual to Others?
Individualism
Self-Motivation
Social Organization
Popular Acceptance of Dominant U.S. Cultural Patterns
Forces Toward the Development of Regional Cultures
The New Regions
Social Class
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Note
Readings
Marco Di Lauro/Getty ImagesCHAPTER 8. Religion and Identity
Hinduism
Buddhism
Japan
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Christianity
Islam
Muhammad, the Prophet
The Qur'an
Religious Practices
The Arab States
Saudi Arabia
Geography
Discovery of Oil
Ruling Saud Family and Conservative Wahhabism
Media
Regional Instability
Dominant Cultural Patterns
Human Being–Nature Orientation
Activity Orientation
Time Orientation
Human Nature Orientation
Relational Orientation
Role of Women
Communication Barriers
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Readings
Theo Wargo/Getty ImagesCHAPTER 9. Culture and Gender
Status of Women
United Nations Studies
World Economic Forum Study
Health and Survival
Educational Attainment
Economic Participation and Opportunity
Political Participation
Comparison of Individual Countries and Areas
Nordic Countries
Mexico
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Sub-Saharan Africa
Arab States
Marriage
Family Units
Nonbinary Gender Identities
Examples
Cultural Status
Gender Expression and Communication
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Readings
PART 4. Cultures Within Cultures
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SAUL LOEB/Getty ImagesCHAPTER 10. Immigration and Acculturation
A World of Migration
Immigration and National Identity
Israel
Europe
Muslim Immigration
Refugees
Brazil
First Wave
Second Wave
Third Wave
Recent Immigration
United States
Colonial Policies on Immigration
U.S. Policies on Immigration
Contributing Countries Prior to 1800
Contributing Countries Since 1800
Immigration and Individual Identity
Culture Shock
Stages of Culture Shock
Symptoms
Reverse Culture Shock
Predictors of Acculturation
Effect of Media and Transportation Advances
Categories of Acculturation
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Readings
Jonathan Bachman/Getty ImagesCHAPTER 11. Cultures Within Cultures
Marginalization: The Hmong
History
Cultural Patterns
Separation: Koreans in Russia
Separation: The Amish
History
Diversity Among the Amish
Values
Worldview
Activity Orientation
Human Nature Orientation
Relational Orientation
Indigenous Cultures
Assimilation: United States
Melting Pot Concept
Integration: United States
English-Speaking Cultures
Spanish-Speaking Cultures
Hispanic Culture Within the U.S. Culture
Values
Cultural Identity and Media
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Radio
Television
Spanish-Language Internet and Social Media
Spanish Language and Marketing
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Readings
©iStockphoto.com/kali9CHAPTER 12. Identity and Subgroups
Argot
Specialized Vocabulary
Argot and Subgroup Identity
Argot and Subgroup Boundaries
Argot and Meaning
Subgroup Media and Values
Examples of Subgroups
British Punk
Corporate Cultures
Case Study: Southwest Airlines
Case Study: Google
Homosexuality Worldwide
Attitudes About Homosexuality and Same-Sex Marriage
Cultural Bases for Attitudes
Sexual Orientation as a Basis for Subgroups
Sexual Orientation and Othering
Consequences of Othering
Media and Othering
Rejecting All Labels
From Separation to Assimilation
Evidence of Separate Status
Integration or Assimilation of Subgroups
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Readings
PART 5. Applications
©iStockphoto.com/DannCardiffCHAPTER 13. Contact Between Cultures
Colonialism
Hawai'i
Australia
Cultural Imperialism
Development Communication
Opinion Leadership and Change Agents
Adopters
Change Agent Ethics
Case Study: Quality Circles
Case Study: Vietnamese Nail Technicians
Cultural Icons
Cultural Hegemony
Japanese Icon in Mexico
U.S. Cultural Icons
Coca-Cola
®
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Disney
McDonald's
KFC
SPAM®
Nike
Adapting the Message
Case Study: Marketing Gerber Baby Foods Worldwide
Case Study: Religious Missionary Work in New Guinea
Adapting U.S. Icons
Summary
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Readings
© iStockphoto.com/porcorexCHAPTER 14. Future Challenges
Religion
Class
Gender
Race, Skin Color, and Ethnicity
Civilization
Nation
Threats to Culture
Threats to the Environment
Threats From Immigration
The Promise of New Media
A Final Word
Summary
Discussion Questions
Readings
Glossary
References
Index
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About the Author
Fred E. Jandt
Fred E. Jandt was born of second-generation German immigrants in the multicultural south-central region
of Texas. After graduating from Texas Lutheran University and Stephen F. Austin State University, he
received his doctorate in communication from Bowling Green State University. He has taught and been a
student of intercultural communication for more than 40 years, developing his experience through travel
and international training and research projects. While professor of communication at The College at
Brockport, State University of New York, his reputation as a teacher led to his appointment as SUNY's first
director of faculty development. He has retired as professor and branch campus dean after having been
named outstanding professor. He has also been a visiting professor at Victoria University of Wellington, in
New Zealand. He has extensive experience in the areas of intercultural and international communication,
negotiation, mediation, and conflict management. He was one of the first scholars to introduce the study of
conflict to the communication discipline with his text Conflict Resolution Through Communication (Harper
& Row, 1973). He has subsequently published many other titles in this area, including the successful trade
book Win-Win Negotiating: Turning Conflict Into Agreement (Wiley, 1985), which has been translated into
eight languages, and a casebook on international conflict management, Constructive Conflict Management:
Asia-Pacific Cases (SAGE, 1996) with Paul B. Pedersen. For several years, he conducted the training
workshop “Managing Conflict Productively” for major corporations and government agencies throughout
the United States. Jandt continues to train volunteers who are learning to become mediators in the
California justice system and serves as an elected trustee of the Desert Community College District.
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