America's international trade - a reference handbook (contemporary world issues)

Cover

LOC Page

Contents

List of Tables

Preface

1 International Trade of the United States

Evolution of U.S. Trade Policies

Trade Controls

Tariffs

Trade Barriers

Unfair Trade Laws and Regulations

Export Promotion

Company Promotional Efforts

Trade Center Shows

International Trade Fairs

Trade Missions

Catalog Exhibitions

State and Local Governmental Promotion

International Trade Agreements

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Evolution of GATT

GATT and the U.S. Economy

International Commodity Agreements

United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA)

Objectives of the Free Trade Agreement

Importance of the Free Trade Agreement

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Objectives of NAFTA

Implementation of NAFTA

Restrictions under NAFTA

Dispute Settlement

Opposition to NAFTA

Support for NAFTA

Initial Trade Developments under NAFTA

NAFTA and Environmental Protection

Potential Western Hemisphere Free Trade Agreement

Modern Trade Objectives of the United States

Dispute Settlement

Improvement of GATT and Multinational Trade Negotiation Agreements

Transparency

Developing Countries

Current Account Balance

Coordination of Trade and Money

Agriculture

Reduction of Unfair Trade Practices

Trade in Services

Intellectual Property

Foreign Direct Investment

Safeguards

Specific Barriers

Workers' Rights

Access to High Technology

Border Taxes

Growth of U.S. International Trade

Importance of International Trade

Balance of Trade

Importance of Exports to State Economies

Commodity Trade

Agricultural Commodities

Manufactured Goods

Minerals

Geographical Distribution of U.S. Trade

United States-Canada Trade Relations

United States-Japan Trade Relations

United States-Mexico Trade Relations

Developing Trade Policies

Trade between Mexico and the United States

Mexican Trade Potential

Future of U.S. International Trade

2 Chronology

U.S. Trade Legislation

Basic Trade Legislation

Tariff Acts

Export Trade Act

Export Enhancement Acts

Customs Acts

Export-Import Bank Acts

Export-Import Bank Amendments

Export-Import Bank of Washington

Export Trading Companies

Merchant Marine Acts

Related Trade Acts

Market and Finance Acts

Coordination Act

Agriculture

Forest

International Trade Agreements

3 Laws and Regulations

Basic Trade Legislation

Tariff Act of 1861

Tariff Act of 1922

Tariff Act of 1930

Trade Expansion Act of 1962

Trade Act of 1974

Trade Agreement Extension Acts

Trade Agreement Act of 1979

Export Trading Company Act of 1982

Trade and Development Enhancement Act of 1983

Trade and Tariff Act of 1984

Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988

Customs and Trade Act of 1990

Specialty Trade Acts

Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917

Export-Import Bank Act of 1945

Export Control Act of 1949

Trade Fair Act of 1959

Export Administration Act of 1969

Other Trade Acts

Tariff Acts

Custom Acts

Export-Import Bank

Export-Import Bank of Washington

Export Trading Company Acts

Merchant Marine Acts

Special Trade Acts

International Trade Laws

United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act of 1988

4 Directory of Organizations

Government Organizations of the United States

U.S. Intergovernmental Advisory Committees

National Organizations

International Organizations

World Trade Centers

Organization Sources

5 Bibliography

Books

General

Trade Policies

Modelling

Export Controls

Environment

Free Trade

GATT

United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement

NAFTA

Russia

Developing World

Iron and Steel Industry

Textiles

Agriculture

Arms

Reference Sources

Dictionaries

Directories

Journal Articles and Government Documents

Trade--General

Trade Theory

Models

Trade Competition

Trade Development

Trade Forecasting

Trade Policy

Free Trade

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement

North American Free Trade Agreement

Trade Regulations

Trade Barriers

Gray Markets

Labor and International Trade

International Competition

Export-Import Bank

Foreign Exchange

Trade and Environment

Certificates of Origin

Laws and Regulations

Finance

Deficit

Smuggling

Dumping and Antidumping

Temporary Tariff

Countertrade

Countervailing

Marketing Barriers

Cartels

Export Subsidies

Tariffs

Nontariff Trade Barriers

Embargoes

Import Quotas

Trade Promotion

Government Aid

Export Marketing

Commerce

Finance

Assistance

Quality Control

Export Marketing

Trading Companies

Comparative Advantage

Management

Export Processing Zones

Small Business Trade

Commodities

Coffee

High Technology

Textiles

Energy

Motor Vehicles

Glass

Iron and Steel

Agriculture

Communication Equipment Industry

Forest Products

Lumber Industry

Pesticides

Aircraft

Hazardous Material

Chemicals

Apparel

Tobacco

Drugs

Arms

Munitions

Countries and Regions

Asia

China

Japan

Europe

Latin America

Mexico

Soviet Union

Africa

United States

Selected Journal Titles

6 Audio-Visual Aids

Appendix

U.S. International Banks

Glossary

Index

Page iv

Copyright © 1995 by ABC-CLIO, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem, or transmitted, in any form or by any

means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior

permission in writing from the publishers.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Miller, E. Willard (Eugene Willard), 1915–

America’s international trade : a reference handbook / E. Willard

Miller, Ruby M. Miller.

p. cm.—(Contemporary world issues)

ISBN 0-87436-770-0 (cloth : alk. paper)

1. United States—Commerce—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. United

States—Commercial policy—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Foreign

trade regulation—United States—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. United

States—Commerce—Bibliography. I. Miller, Ruby M. II. Title.

III. Series.

HF3035.M55 1995 95-14135

382'.0973—dc20 CIP

02 01 00 99 98 97 96 95 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ABC-CLIO, Inc.

130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911

Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911

This book is printed on acid-free paper .

Manufactured in the United States of America

Page v

Contents

List of Tables, xi

Preface, xiii

1 International Trade of the United States, 1

Evolution of U.S. Trade Policies, 1

Trade Controls, 3

Tariffs, 3

Trade Barriers, 4

Unfair Trade Laws and Regulations, 4

Export Promotion, 7

Company Promotional Efforts, 7

Trade Center Shows, 7

International Trade Fairs, 8

Trade Missions, 8

Catalog Exhibitions, 9

State and Local Governmental Promotion, 9

International Trade Agreements, 10

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 10

Page xi

Tables

1. Number of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations by the United States, 1980–

1989, 6

2. Target Industries of U.S. Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations, 1980–1989, 6

3. U.S. Share of World Trade, 1960–1990, 29

4. U.S. Balance of Trade, 1950–1992, 29

5. U.S. Exports by State of Origin, 1992, 29

6. Commodity Trade and Balance of Payments, 1992, 31

7. Trade in Agricultural Commodities, 1992, 31

8. Trade in Manufactured Goods, 1992, 32

9. Passenger Car Imports, 1965–1990, 33

10. Trade in Minerals, 1992, 33

11. U.S. Imports by Country of Origin, 1985 and 1990, 35

12. U.S. Exports to Countries, 1985–1990, 35

Page xiii

Preface

Throughout much of the history of the United States, the domestic market provided the major outlet for

the national economy. Accordingly, most legislation during this period protected the domestic

economy. After World War II, the traditional policies changed as the United States rebuilt the world’s

economy. To reach the world market, policies of free trade have gradually developed. The United

States is now part of the globalization of the world’s economy. Fundamental changes are evolving as

the United States competes in the world market.

This book begins with a short description of the evolution of the trade policies of the United

States. A discussion of tariffs and trade barriers is followed by an analysis of trade promotion

techniques such as trade fairs, advertising, catalogs, and trade missions. Since World War II, the

development of global policies on trade relationships have become increasingly essential to the

economy of individual nations. Beginning in 1947, the world’s nations have attempted to develop a

global policy, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. More recently, free trade policies

have evolved under regional systems. The United States has been a leader in the evolution of free

trade in North America. The trade legislation of the