Algorithms for image processing and computer vision

Algorithms for Image

Processing and

Computer Vision

Second Edition

Algorithms for Image

Processing and

Computer Vision

Second Edition

J.R. Parker

Wiley Publishing, Inc.

Algorithms for Image Processing and Computer Vision, Second Edition

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Copyright  2011 by J.R. Parker

Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

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vi

About the Author

J.R. Parker is a computer expert and teacher, with special interests in image

processing and vision, video game technologies, and computer simulations.

With a Ph.D. in Informatics from the State University of Gent, Dr. Parker

has taught computer science, art, and drama at the University of Calgary in

Canada, where he is a full professor. He has more than 150 technical papers

and four books to his credit, as well as video games such as the Booze Cruise,

a simulation of impaired driving designed to demonstrate its folly, and a

number of educational games. Jim lives on a small ranch near Cochrane,

Alberta, Canada with family and a host of legged and winged creatures.

vii

About the Technical Editor

Kostas Terzidis is an Associate Professor at the Harvard Graduate School of

Design. He holds a Ph.D. in Architecture from the University of Michigan

(1994), a Masters of Architecture from Ohio State University (1989), and a

Diploma of Engineering from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (1986).

His most recent work is in the development of theories and techniques for

the use of algorithms in architecture. His book Expressive Form: A Concep￾tual Approach to Computational Design, published by London-based Spon Press

(2003), offers a unique perspective on the use of computation as it relates to aes￾thetics, specifically in architecture and design. His book Algorithmic Architecture

(Architectural Press/Elsevier, 2006) provides an ontological investigation into

the terms, concepts, and processes of algorithmic architecture and provides

a theoretical framework for design implementations. His latest book, Algo￾rithms for Visual Design (Wiley, 2009), provides students, programmers, and

researchers the technical, theoretical, and design means to develop computer

code that will allow them to experiment with design problems.

viii

Acknowledgments

Thanks this time to Sonny Chan, for the inspiration for the parallel computing

chapter, to Jeff Boyd, for introducing me repeatedly to OpenCV, and to Ralph

Huntsinger and Ghislain C. Vansteenkiste, for getting me into and successfully

out of my Ph.D. program.

Almost all the images used in this book were created by me, using an IBM

PC with a frame grabber and a Sony CCD camera, an HP scanner, and a Sony

Eyetoy as a webcam. Credits for the few images that were not acquired in this

way are as follows:

Corel Corporation made available the color image of the grasshopper on

a leaf shown in Figure 3.33, and also was the origin of the example search

images in Figure 10.5.

The sample images in Figure 10.1 were a part of the ALOI data set, use of

which was allowed by J. M. Geusebroek.

Thanks to Big Hill Veterinary Clinic in Cochrane, Alberta, Canada, for the

X-ray image shown in Figure 3.10e.

Finally, thanks to Dr. N. Wardlaw, of the University of Calgary Department

of Geology, for the geological micropore image of Figure 3.16.

Most importantly, I need to thank my family: my wife, Katrin, and children,

Bailey and Max. They sacrificed time and energy so that this work could be

completed. I appreciate it and hope that the effort has been worthwhile.

ix

Contents at a Glance

Preface xxi

Chapter 1 Practical Aspects of a Vision System — Image Display,

Input/Output, and Library Calls 1

Chapter 2 Edge-Detection Techniques 21

Chapter 3 Digital Morphology 85

Chapter 4 Grey-Level Segmentation 137

Chapter 5 Texture and Color 177

Chapter 6 Thinning 209

Chapter 7 Image Restoration 251

Chapter 8 Classification 285

Chapter 9 Symbol Recognition 321

Chapter 10 Content-Based Search — Finding Images by Example 395

Chapter 11 High-Performance Computing for Vision and Image

Processing 425

Index 465

xi

Contents

Preface xxi

Chapter 1 Practical Aspects of a Vision System — Image Display,

Input/Output, and Library Calls 1

OpenCV 2

The Basic OpenCV Code 2

The IplImage Data Structure 3

Reading and Writing Images 6

Image Display 7

An Example 7

Image Capture 10

Interfacing with the AIPCV Library 14

Website Files 18

References 18

Chapter 2 Edge-Detection Techniques 21

The Purpose of Edge Detection 21

Traditional Approaches and Theory 23

Models of Edges 24

Noise 26

Derivative Operators 30

Template-Based Edge Detection 36

Edge Models: The Marr-Hildreth Edge Detector 39

The Canny Edge Detector 42

The Shen-Castan (ISEF) Edge Detector 48

A Comparison of Two Optimal Edge Detectors 51

xiii