Advances in Water Resources Engineering

Handbook of Environmental Engineering

Volume 14

Series Editors

Lawrence K. Wang

PhD, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

MS, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA

MSce, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA

BSCE, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Tiawan

Mu-Hao S. Wang

PhD, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

MS, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA

BSCE, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Tiawan

The past 35+ years have seen the emergence of a growing desire worldwide to take

positive actions to restore and protect the environment from the degrading effects

of all forms of pollution: air, noise, solid waste, and water. The principal intention

of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering (HEE) series is to help readers

formulate answers to the fundamental questions facing pollution in the modern era,

mainly, (1) how serious is pollution? and (2) is the technology needed to abate

it not only available, but feasible? Cutting-edge and highly practical, HEE offers

educators, students, and engineers a strong grounding in the principles of Environ￾mental Engineering, as well as effective methods for developing optimal abatement

technologies at costs that are fully justified by the degree of abatement achieved.

With an emphasis on using the Best Available Technologies, the authors of these

volumes present the necessary engineering protocols derived from the fundamental

principles of chemistry, physics, and mathematics, making these volumes a must

have for environmental resources researchers.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7645

Chih Ted Yang • Lawrence K. Wang

Editors

Advances in Water

Resources Engineering

2123

ISBN 978-3-319-11022-6 ISBN 978-3-319-11023-3 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-11023-3

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014956960

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publica￾tion, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors

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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Editors

Chih Ted Yang

Borland Professor of Water Resources

Department of Civil and Environmental

Engineering

Colorado State University

Fort Collins

Colorado

USA

Lawrence K. Wang

Ex-Dean & Director

Zorex Corporation

Newtonville

New York

USA

Lenox Institute of Water Technology

Newtonville

NY

USA

Krofta Engineering Corporation

Lenox

Massachusetts

USA

v

Preface

The past 35+ years have seen the emergence of a growing desire worldwide that

positive actions be taken to restore and protect the environment from the degrading

effects of all forms of pollution—air, water, soil, thermal, radioactive, and noise.

Since pollution is a direct or indirect consequence of waste, the seemingly idealistic

demand for “zero discharge” can be construed as an unrealistic demand for zero

waste. However, as long as waste continues to exist, we can only attempt to abate

the subsequent pollution by converting it into a less noxious form. Three major

questions usually arise when a particular type of pollution has been identified: (1)

How serious are the environmental pollution and water resources crisis? (2) Is the

technology to abate them available? And (3) do the costs of abatement justify the

degree of abatement achieved for environmental protection and water resources

conservation? This book is one of the volumes of the Handbook of Environmental

Engineering series. The principal intention of this series is to help readers formulate

answers to the above three questions.

The traditional approach of applying tried-and-true solutions to specific envi￾ronmental and water resources problems has been a major contributing factor to the

success of environmental engineering, and has accounted in large measure for the

establishment of a “methodology of pollution control.” However, the realization

of the ever-increasing complexity and interrelated nature of current environmen￾tal problems renders it imperative that intelligent planning of pollution abatement

systems be undertaken. Prerequisite to such planning is an understanding of the

performance, potential, and limitations of the various methods of environmental

protection available for environmental scientists and engineers. In this series of

handbooks, we will review at a tutorial level a broad spectrum of engineering sys￾tems (natural environment, processes, operations, and methods) currently being uti￾lized, or of potential utility, for pollution abatement and environmental protection.

We believe that the unified interdisciplinary approach presented in these handbooks

is a logical step in the evolution of environmental engineering.

Treatment of the various engineering systems presented will show how an engi￾neering formulation of the subject flows naturally from the fundamental principles

and theories of chemistry, microbiology, physics, and mathematics. This emphasis

on fundamental science recognizes that engineering practice has in recent years

vi Preface

become more firmly based on scientific principles rather than on its earlier depen￾dency on empirical accumulation of facts. It is not intended, though, to neglect

empiricism where such data lead quickly to the most economic design; certain engi￾neering systems are not readily amenable to fundamental scientific analysis, and in

these instances we have resorted to less science in favor of more art and empiricism.

Since an environmental water resources engineer must understand science with￾in the context of applications, we first present the development of the scientific

basis of a particular subject, followed by exposition of the pertinent design concepts

and operations, and detailed explanations of their applications to environmental

conservation or protection. Throughout the series, methods of mathematical model￾ing, system analysis, practical design, and calculation are illustrated by numerical

examples. These examples clearly demonstrate how organized, analytical reasoning

leads to the most direct and clear solutions. Wherever possible, pertinent cost data

have been provided.

Our treatment of environmental water resources engineering is offered in the be￾lief that the trained engineer should more firmly understand fundamental principles,

be more aware of the similarities and/or differences among many of the engineering

systems, and exhibit greater flexibility and originality in the definition and innova￾tive solution of environmental system problems. In short, the environmental and

water resources engineers should by conviction and practice be more readily adapt￾able to change and progress.

Coverage of the unusually broad field of environmental water resources engi￾neering has demanded an expertise that could only be provided through multiple

authorships. Each author (or group of authors) was permitted to employ, within

reasonable limits, the customary personal style in organizing and presenting a par￾ticular subject area; consequently, it has been difficult to treat all subject materials

in a homogeneous manner. Moreover, owing to limitations of space, some of the

authors’ favored topics could not be treated in great detail, and many less impor￾tant topics had to be merely mentioned or commented on briefly. All authors have

provided an excellent list of references at the end of each chapter for the benefit

of the interested readers. As each chapter is meant to be self-contained, some mild

repetition among the various texts was unavoidable. In each case, all omissions or

repetitions are the responsibility of the editors and not the individual authors. With

the current trend toward metrication, the question of using a consistent system of

units has been a problem. Wherever possible, the authors have used the British

system (fps) along with the metric equivalent (mks, cgs, or SIU) or vice versa. The

editors sincerely hope that this redundancy of units’ usage will prove to be useful

rather than being disruptive to the readers.

The goals of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series are: (1) to cover

entire environmental fields, including air and noise pollution control, solid waste

processing and resource recovery, physicochemical treatment processes, biological

treatment processes, biotechnology, biosolids management, flotation technology,

membrane technology, desalination technology, water resources, natural control

processes, radioactive waste disposal, hazardous waste management, and thermal

Preface vii

pollution control and (2) to employ a multimedia approach to environmental con￾servation and protection since air, water, soil, and energy are all interrelated.

Both this book (Volume 14) and its sister book (Volume 15) of the Handbook of

Environmental Engineering series have been designed to serve as water resources

engineering reference books as well as supplemental textbooks. We hope and ex￾pect they will prove of equal high value to advanced undergraduate and graduate

students, to designers of water resources systems, and to scientists and researchers.

The editors welcome comments from readers in all of these categories. It is our hope

that the two water resources engineering books will not only provide information on

water resources engineering but also serve as a basis for advanced study or special￾ized investigation of the theory and analysis of various water resources systems.

This book, Advances in Water Resources Engineering, Volume 14, covers the

topics on watershed sediment dynamics and modeling, integrated simulation of in￾teractive surface-water and groundwater systems, river channel stabilization with

submerged vanes, nonequilibrium sediment transport, reservoir sedimentation and

fluvial processes, minimum energy dissipation rate theory and applications, hydrau￾lic modeling development and application, geophysical methods for the assessment

of earthen dams, soil erosion on upland areas by rainfall and overland flow, geoflu￾vial modeling methodologies and applications, and environmental water engineer￾ing glossary.

This book’s sister book, Modern Water Resources Engineering, Volume 15, cov￾ers the topics on principles and applications of hydrology, open channel hydraulics,

river ecology, river restoration, sedimentation and sustainable use of reservoirs,

sediment transport, river morphology, hydraulic engineering, geographic informa￾tion system (GIS), remote sensing, decision-making process under uncertainty, up￾land erosion modeling, machine-learning method, climate change and its impact on

water resources, land application, crop management, watershed protection, wetland

for waste disposal and water conservation, living machines, bioremediation, waste￾water treatment, aquaculture system management and environmental protection,

and glossary and conversion factors for water resources engineers.

The editors are pleased to acknowledge the encouragement and support received

from Mr. Patrick Marton, Executive Editor of the Springer Science + Business Me￾dia, and his colleagues during the conceptual stages of this endeavor. We wish to

thank the contributing authors for their time and effort, and for having patiently

borne our reviews and numerous queries and comments. We are very grateful to our

respective families for their patience and understanding during some rather trying

times.

Chih Ted Yang, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

Lawrence K. Wang, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

ix

Contents

1 Watershed Sediment Dynamics and Modeling: A Watershed

Modeling System for Yellow River ........................................................... 1

Guangqian Wang, Xudong Fu, Haiyun Shi and Tiejian Li

2 Integrated Simulation of Interactive Surface-Water

and Groundwater Systems ........................................................................ 41

Varut Guvanasen and Peter S. Huyakorn

3 River Channel Stabilization with Submerged Vanes .............................. 107

A. Jacob Odgaard

4 Mathematic Modelling of Non-Equilibrium Suspended Load

Transport, Reservoir Sedimentation, and Fluvial Processes ................. 137

Qiwei Han and Mingmin He

5 Minimum Energy Dissipation Rate Theory and Its

Applications for Water Resources Engineering ...................................... 183

Guobin B. Xu, Chih Ted Yang and Lina N. Zhao

6 Hydraulic Modeling Development and Application in Water

Resources Engineering .............................................................................. 247

Francisco J.M. Simões

7 Geophysical Methods for the Assessment of Earthen Dams .................. 297

Craig J. Hickey, Mathias J. M. Römkens, Robert R. Wells

and Leti Wodajo

x Contents

8 Soil Erosion on Upland Areas by Rainfall and Overland Flow ............. 361

Mathias J. M. Römkens, Robert R. Wells, Bin Wang,

Fenli Zheng and Craig J. Hickey

9 Advances in Geofluvial Modeling: Methodologies and Applications .... 407

Yong G. Lai

10 Environmental Water Engineering Glossary .......................................... 471

Mu-Hao Sung Wang and Lawrence K. Wang

xi

Contributors

Xudong Fu State Key Lab of Hydroscience & Engineering, School of Civil

Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Varut Guvanasen HydroGeoLogic, Inc., Reston, VA, USA

Qiwei Han Sediment Research Department, China Institute of Water Resources

and Hydroelectric Power Research, Beijing, China

Mingmin He Sediment Research Department, China Institute of Water Resources

and Hydroelectric Power Research, Beijing, China

Craig J. Hickey National Center for Physical Acoustics, University of Mississippi,

University, MS, USA

Peter S. Huyakorn HydroGeoLogic, Inc., Reston, VA, USA

Yong G. Lai Technical Service Center, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO,

USA

Tiejian Li State Key Lab of Hydroscience & Engineering, Tsinghua University,

Beijing, China

A. Jacob Odgaard IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa,

Iowa City, IA, USA

Mathias J. M. Römkens USDA ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford,

MS, USA

Haiyun Shi State Key Lab of Hydroscience & Engineering, Tsinghua University,

Beijing, China

Francisco J.M. Simões US Geological Survey Geomorphology and Sediment

Transport Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA

Bin Wang Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China

Guangqian Wang Department of Engineering and Material Science of the NSFC,

State Key Lab of Hydroscience & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Academician

of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

xii Contributors

Lawrence K. Wang Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, NY, USA

Mu-Hao Sung Wang Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, NY, USA

Robert R. Wells USDAARS National Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford, MS,

USA

Leti Wodajo National Center for Physical Acoustics, University of Mississippi,

University, MS, USA

Guobin B. Xu State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and

Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

Chih Ted Yang Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado

State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA

Lina N. Zhao State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and

Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

Fenli Zheng Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi

Province, China

xiii

List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 The framework of the Digital Yellow River integrated

model [34] ......................................................................................... 5

Fig. 1.2 The flowchart of digital drainage network extraction ...................... 7

Fig. 1.3 The binary-tree-based digital drainage network [18] ....................... 8

Fig. 1.4 Framework of the parallel computing system [35] ........................... 10

Fig. 1.5  The diagram of a dynamic watershed decomposition [19] ............... 11

Fig. 1.6  flowchart for a dynamic watershed decomposition [19] .................. 12

Fig. 1.7  The flowchart of execution of the master, slave, and data

transfer processes [19] ...................................................................... 13

Fig. 1.8  Map of the Yellow River watershed. Region with the

boundary of green line is the coarse sediment source area [34] ....... 14

Fig. 1.9  a Typical hillslope-channel system [38] and b modeling

schematic of the soil erosion and sediment transport

processes [16] in the Loess Plateau of China ................................... 14

Fig. 1.10  a A conceptual hillslope and b the hydrological processes

in the DYRIM [16] ........................................................................... 15

Fig. 1.11  A basic unit ( the dot-filled part) on the surface of a

conceptual hillslope for the illustration of soil erosion

process [16] ....................................................................................... 17

Fig. 1.12  The forces on the sliding soil body [34] ........................................... 20

Fig. 1.13  The drainage network of the Chabagou watershed and the

distribution of hydrological stations and rainfall stations [16] ......... 24

Fig. 1.14  Spatial distribution of rainfall in the simulated period

[16] .................................................................................................... 25

Fig. 1.15  Comparison of the observed and simulated flow

discharge at the Caoping station [16] ............................................... 25

Fig. 1.16  Comparison of the observed and simulated sediment

concentration: a Tuoerxiang, b Xizhuang, c Dujiagoucha,

and d Caoping [16] ........................................................................... 27

Fig. 1.17  The distribution of a hillslope erosion, b gravitational

erosion, and c channel erosion in the Chabagou watershed ............. 28

xiv List of Figures

Fig. 1.18  The drainage network of the Qingjian River watershed

and the distribution of hydrological stations and rainfall stations .... 29

Fig. 1.19  Comparison of the observed and simulated flow

discharge at the Zichang station during the period of

model calibration .............................................................................. 30

Fig. 1.20  Comparison of the observed and simulated sediment

concentration at the Zichang station during the period of

model calibration .............................................................................. 31

Fig. 1.21  Comparison of the observed and simulated flow

discharge at the Zichang station during the period of

model validation ............................................................................... 33

Fig. 1.22  Comparison of the observed and simulated sediment

concentration at the Zichang station during the period of

model validation ............................................................................... 34

Fig. 1.23  Distributions of calculated runoff depth and erosion

modulus in 1967 [34] ........................................................................ 35

Fig. 1.24  Measured and simulated sediment concentrations in

1977 for selected tributaries: a Huangfu station in

the Huangfuchuan River, b Gaoshiya station in the

Gushanchuan River, c Wenjiachuan station in the Kuye

River, d Shenjiawan station in the Jialu River [34] .......................... 36

Fig. 1.25  Flow discharge and sediment load at Longmen station in

1977 [34] ........................................................................................... 36

Fig. 2.1  Distribution, flow, and interaction of water on the land

and in the subsurface ........................................................................ 50

Fig. 2.2  Mass transport between different domains ....................................... 51

Fig. 2.3  Different types of storage in a channel, (a) ideal flat

plane, (b) unlined riverbed, or natural stream, (c) area

with depression storage, and (d) grassy channel .............................. 68

Fig. 2.4  Depression storage and obstruction storage exclusion ..................... 69

Fig. 2.5  Finite-difference discretization of the subsurface, and

overland domains .............................................................................. 71

Fig.  2.6  Finite-difference discretization of the channel domain

superposed on the overland or subsurface grid ................................. 72

Fig. 2.7  Location of the peace river watershed .............................................. 81

Fig. 2.8  A map of Saddle Creek showing major lakes and

hydraulic structures ........................................................................... 83

Fig. 2.9  A north–south hydrogeologic cross section of the Peace

River watershed ................................................................................ 84

Fig.  2.10  An exploded view showing the subsurface and overland

grids .................................................................................................. 85

Fig.  2.11  Observed and simulated lake levels and stream flow at

P-11 ................................................................................................... 87

Fig. 2.12  Observed and simulated lake levels: Lake Hancock ........................ 87

Fig. 2.13  Observed and simulated lake levels: Lake Parker ............................ 88

List of Figures xv

Fig. 2.14  Observed and simulated lake levels: Crystal Lake ......................... 88

Fig. 2.15  Observed and simulated groundwater levels: PZ-7 Well

(surficial aquifer system) ............................................................... 89

Fig. 2.16  Observed and simulated groundwater levels: Tenoroc

Well (intermediate aquifer system) ................................................. 89

Fig. 2.17  Observed and simulated groundwater levels: Sanlon Well

(upper Floridan aquifer) .................................................................. 90

Fig. 2.18  Observed and simulated flow exceedance curves: Peace

River at Fort Meade ........................................................................ 90

Fig. 2.19  Observed and simulated flow exceedance curves: Peace

River at Zolfo Springs .................................................................... 91

Fig. 2.20  Observed and simulated flow exceedance curves: Peace

River at Arcadia .............................................................................. 91

Fig. 2.21  Study area showing hydraulic structures, pumping

stations, detention basins, and example observation locations ....... 92

Fig. 2.22  Groundwater elevation at well RG4 versus time ............................ 97

Fig. 2.23  Stage at inline structure S-174 versus time ..................................... 97

Fig. 2.24  Total phosphorus concentration versus time: Well MW38 ............. 98

Fig. 2.25  Total phosphorus concentration versus time: Well NE-S ............... 98

Fig. 2.26  Total phosphorus concentration versus time: L-31 N

Canal at Basin B ............................................................................. 99

Fig. 2.27  Tracer distribution below the S-322D basin in the

Biscayne aquifer (concentration values are in µg/L) ...................... 99

Fig. 3.1  Submerged vanes for mitigating stream bank erosion,

a naturally occurring secondary current in river bend, b

vane-induced secondary current eliminates the naturally

occurring secondary current and stabilizes riverbank.

(Source: Odgaard [1], with permission from ASCE) ...................... 110

Fig. 3.2  Precast concrete vane panels being placed between H-pile

supports. Placement guides extend temporarily above

H-columns. (Source: Odgaard [1], with permission

from ASCE) .................................................................................... 111

Fig. 3.3  Flat-panel sheet pile vane ready for installation at the

Greenville Utilities Commission water supply intake

on Tar River, North Carolina, 2012. Only the topmost

1.5–2.0 ft will be above the current bed level. (Courtesy

of the Greenville Utilities Commission) ......................................... 111

Fig. 3.4  Sketch showing improved final design. (Source: Odgaard

[1] with permission from ASCE) .................................................... 112

Fig. 3.5  Schematic showing circulation induced by array of three

vanes. (Source: Odgaard [1] with permission from ASCE) ........... 113

Fig. 3.6  Schematic showing change in bed profile induced

by array of three vanes. (Source: Odgaard [1] with

permission from ASCE) .................................................................. 113