Advances in Environmental Remote Sensing

Advances in

Environmental

Remote Sensing

Sensors, Algorithms, and Applications

Taylor & Francis Series in

Remote Sensing Applications

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Advances in Environmental Remote Sensing: Sensors, Algorithms, and Applications,

edited by Qihao Weng

Remote Sensing of Coastal Environments, edited by Yeqiao Wang

Remote Sensing of Global Croplands for Food Security, edited by Prasad S. Thenkabail,

John G. Lyon, Hugh Turral, and Chandashekhar M. Biradar

Global Mapping of Human Settlement: Experiences, Data Sets, and Prospects,

edited by Paolo Gamba and Martin Herold

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing: Principles and Applications, Marcus Borengasser,

William S. Hungate, and Russell Watkins

Remote Sensing of Impervious Surfaces, Qihao Weng

Multispectral Image Analysis Using the Object-Oriented Paradigm, Kumar Navulur

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Boca Raton London New York

Advances in

Environmental

Remote Sensing

Sensors, Algorithms, and Applications

Edited by

Qihao Weng

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v

Contents

Acknowledgments ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vii

Editor������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ix

Contributors������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xi

Introduction ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������..xv

Section I Sensors, Systems, and Platforms

1. Remote Sensing of Vegetation with Landsat Imagery....................................................3

Conghe Song, Joshua M. Gray, and Feng Gao

2. Review of Selected Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

Algorithms, Data Products, and Applications................................................................. 31

Yang Shao, Gregory N. Taff, and Ross S. Lunetta

3. Lidar Remote Sensing........................................................................................................... 57

Sorin C. Popescu

4. Impulse Synthetic Aperture Radar....................................................................................85

Giorgio Franceschetti and James Z. Tatoian

5. Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation Bioparameters................................... 101

Ruiliang Pu and Peng Gong

6. Thermal Remote Sensing of Urban Areas: Theoretical Backgrounds

and Case Studies.................................................................................................................. 143

Qihao Weng

Section II Algorithms and Techniques

7. Atmospheric Correction Methods for Optical Remote Sensing

Imagery of Land................................................................................................................... 161

Rudolf Richter

8. Three-Dimensional Geometric Correction of Earth Observation

Satellite Data........................................................................................................................ 173

Thierry Toutin

9. Remote Sensing Image Classification............................................................................. 219

Dengsheng Lu, Qihao Weng, Emilio Moran, Guiying Li, and Scott Hetrick

vi Contents

10. Object-Based Image Analysis for Vegetation Mapping and Monitoring................ 241

Thomas Blaschke, Kasper Johansen, and Dirk Tiede

11. Land-Use and Land-Cover Change Detection............................................................... 273

Dengsheng Lu, Emilio Moran, Scott Hetrick, and Guiying Li

Section III Environmental Applications-Vegetation

12. Remote Sensing of Ecosystem Structure and Function............................................... 291

Alfredo R. Huete and Edward P. Glenn

13. Remote Sensing of Live Fuel Moisture........................................................................... 321

Stephen R. Yool

14. Forest Change Analysis Using Time-Series Landsat Observations......................... 339

Chengquan Huang

15. Satellite-Based Modeling of Gross Primary Production of

Terrestrial Ecosystems........................................................................................................ 367

Xiangming Xiao, Huimin Yan, Joshua Kalfas, and Qingyuan Zhang

16. Global Croplands and Their Water Use from Remote Sensing and

Nonremote Sensing Perspectives.....................................................................................383

Prasad S. Thenkabail, Munir A. Hanjra, Venkateswarlu Dheeravath,

and Muralikrishna Gumma

Section IV Environmental Applications: Air, Water, and Land

17. Remote Sensing of Aerosols from Space: A Review of Aerosol Retrieval

Using the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer....................................423

Man Sing Wong and Janet Nichol

18. Remote Estimation of Chlorophyll-a Concentration in Inland,

Estuarine, and Coastal Waters..........................................................................................439

Anatoly A. Gitelson, Daniela Gurlin, Wesley J. Moses, and Yosef Z. Yacobi

19. Retrievals of Turbulent Heat Fluxes and Surface Soil Water Content by

Remote Sensing................................................................................................................... 469

George P. Petropoulos and Toby N. Carlson

20. Remote Sensing of Urban Biophysical Environments.................................................503

Qihao Weng

21. Development of the USGS National Land-Cover Database over Two Decades..... 525

George Xian, Collin Homer, and Limin Yang

Index..............................................................................................................................................545

vii

Acknowledgments

I extend my heartfelt thanks to all the contributors of this book for making this endeavor

possible. Moreover, I offer my deepest appreciation to all the reviewers, who have taken

precious time from their busy schedules to review the chapters submitted for this book.

Finally, I am indebted to my family for their enduring love and support. It is my hope

that the publication of this book will facilitate students to understand the state-of-the art

knowledge of environmental remote sensing and to provide researchers with an update

on the newest development in many sub-fields of this dynamic field. The reviewers of the

chapters of this book are listed here in alphabetical order:

Thomas Blaschke

Hubo Cai

Toby Carlson

Paolo Gamba

Anatoly Gitelson

Chengquan Huang

Stefaan Lhermitte

Lin Li

Desheng Liu

Hua Liu

Dengsheng Lu

Janet Nichol

Ruiliang Pu

Dale Quattrochi

Yang Shao

Conghe Song

Junmei Tang

Xiaohua Tong

Guangxin Wang

George Xian

Xiangming Xiao

Jian-sheng Yang

Ping Yang

Zhengwei Yang

Fei Yuan

Yuyu Zhou

ix

Editor

Dr. Qihao Weng is a professor of geography and the direc￾tor of the Center for Urban and Environmental Change at

Indiana State University. From 2008 to 2009, he visited the

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as

a senior research fellow. He is also a guest/adjunct profes￾sor at Wuhan University and Beijing Normal University,

and a guest research scientist at the Beijing Meteorological

Bureau in China. His research focuses on remote sensing

and GIS analysis of urban environmental systems, land-use

and land-cover change, urbanization impacts, and human–

environment interactions.

Dr. Weng is the author of more than 120 peer-reviewed

journal articles and other publications and three books

(Urban Remote Sensing, 2006, CRC Press; Remote Sensing of

Impervious Surfaces, 2007, CRC Press; and Remote Sensing

and GIS Integration: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 2009, McGraw-Hill Professional).

He has been the recipient of some significant awards, including the Robert E. Altenhofen

Memorial Scholarship Award (1998) from the American Society for Photogrammetry and

Remote Sensing (ASPRS), the Best Student-Authored Paper Award from the International

Geographic Information Foundation (1999), the Theodore Dreiser Distinguished Research

Award from Indiana State University (2006), a NASA senior fellowship (2008), and the

2010 Erdas Award for Best Scientific Paper in Remote Sensing from ASPRS (first place). Dr.

Weng has worked extensively with optical and thermal remote sensing data, with research

support from the National Science Foundation (NSF), NASA, USGS, the U.S. Agency for

International Development (USAID), the National Geographic Society, and the Indiana

Department of Natural Resources. Professionally, Dr. Weng was a national director of

ASPRS (2007–2010). He also serves as an associate editor of ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry

and Remote Sensing, and is the series editor for both the Taylor & Francis series in remote

sensing applications, and the McGraw-Hill series in GIS&T.

xi

Contributors

Thomas Blaschke

Z_GIS Centre for Geoinformatics and

Department for Geography and Geology

University of Salzburg

Salzburg, Austria

Toby N. Carlson

Department of Meteorology

Penn State University

University Park, Pennsylvania

Venkateswarlu Dheeravath

World Food Program

United Nations Joint Logistic Center

Juba, South Sudan, Sudan

Giorgio Franceschetti

Eureka Aerospace

Pasadena, California

Feng Gao

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland

Anatoly A. Gitelson

CALMIT, School of Natural Resources

University of Nebraska

Lincoln, Nebraska

Edward P. Glenn

Department of Soil, Water, and

Environmental Science

University of Arizona

Tucson, Arizona

Peng Gong

Department of Environmental Science,

Policy, and Management

University of California

Berkeley, California

Joshua M. Gray

Department of Geography

University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Muralikrishna Gumma

International Rice Research Center

Manila, Philippines

Daniela Gurlin

CALMIT, School of Natural Resources

University of Nebraska

Lincoln, Nebraska

Munir A. Hanjra

International Centre of Water for Food

Security

Charles Stuart University

Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

Scott Hetrick

Anthropological Center for Training and

Research on Global Environmental

Change

Indiana University

Bloomington, Indiana

Collin Homer

USGS Earth Resources Observation and

Science Center

Sioux Falls, South Dakota

Chengquan Huang

Department of Geography

University of Maryland

College Park, Maryland

Alfredo R. Huete

Department of Plant Functional Biology

and Climate Change Cluster

University of Technology

Sydney, NSW, Australia

Kasper Johansen

Centre for Spatial Environmental Research,

School of Geography, Planning and

Environmental Management

University of Queensland

Brisbane, Australia

xii Contributors

Joshua Kalfas

Department of Botany and Microbiology

Center for Spatial Analysis

University of Oklahoma

Norman, Oklahoma

Guiying Li

Anthropological Center for Training and

Research on Global Environmental

Change

Indiana University

Bloomington, Indiana

Dengsheng Lu

Anthropological Center for Training and

Research on Global Environmental

Change

Indiana University

Bloomington, Indiana

Ross S. Lunetta

National Exposure Research Laboratory

(NERL)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

Emilio Moran

Anthropological Center for Training and

Research on Global Environmental

Change

Indiana University

Bloomington, Indiana

Wesley J. Moses

Naval Research Laboratory

Washington, DC

Janet Nichol

Department of Land Surveying and

Geo-Informatics

Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong

George P. Petropoulos

Regional Analysis Division

Foundation for Research and Technology

Hellas Institute of Applied and

Computational Mathematics

Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Sorin C. Popescu

Department of Ecosystem Science and

Management

Texas A&M University

College Station, Texas

Ruiliang Pu

Department of Geography

University of South Florida

Tampa, Florida

Rudolf Richter

DLR–German Aerospace Center

DRD–Remote Sensing Data Center

Wessling, Germany

Yang Shao

National Research Council

U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

Conghe Song

Department of Geography

University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Gregory N. Taff

Department of Earth Sciences

University of Memphis

Memphis, Tennessee

James Z. Tatoian

Eureka Aerospace

Pasadena, California

Prasad S. Thenkabail

Southwest Geographic Science

Center

U.S. Geological Survey

Flagstaff, Arizona

Dirk Tiede

Z_GIS Centre for Geoinformatics and

Department for Geography and

Geology

University of Salzburg

Salzburg, Austria

Contributors xiii

Thierry Toutin

Natural Resources Canada

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Qihao Weng

Department of Geography

Center for Urban and Environmental

Change

Indiana State University

Terre Haute, Indiana

Man Sing Wong

Department of Land Surveying and

Geo-Informatics

Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong

George Xian

ARTS/USGS Earth Resources Observation

and Science Center

Sioux Falls, South Dakota

Xiangming Xiao

Department of Botany and Microbiology,

College of Arts and Sciences

Center for Spatial Analysis, College of

Atmospheric and Geographic Science

University of Oklahoma

Norman, Oklahoma

Yosef Z. Yacobi

Israel Oceanographic & Limnological

Research

Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological

Laboratory

Migdal, Israel

Huimin Yan

Institute of Geographic Science and

Natural Resources Research

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Beijing, China

Limin Yang

USGS Earth Resources Observation and

Science Center

Sioux Falls, South Dakota

Stephen R. Yool

Department of Geography and

Development

University of Arizona

Tucson, Arizona

Qingyuan Zhang

Goddard Space Flight Center

NASA

Greenbelt, Maryland