Advances in Automotive technologies : Select proceedings of ICPAT 2019

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

M. Razi Nalim

R. Vasudevan

Sameer Rahatekar   Editors

Advances in

Automotive

Technologies

Select Proceedings of ICPAT 2019

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

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M. Razi Nalim • R. Vasudevan •

Sameer Rahatekar

Editors

Advances in Automotive

Technologies

Select Proceedings of ICPAT 2019

123

Editors

M. Razi Nalim

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Purdue School of Engineering &

Technology

Indianapolis, IN, USA

Sameer Rahatekar

Enhanced Composites

and Structures Centre

Cranfield University

Cranfield, UK

R. Vasudevan

School of Mechanical Engineering

Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT)

Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

ISBN 978-981-15-5946-4 ISBN 978-981-15-5947-1 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5947-1

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part

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Contents

CFD Analysis of Automotive Radiators ......................... 1

Swapnil Kumar, K. Sai Kiran, and Thundil Karuppa Raj Rajagopal

Ejector-Mechanical Compression Hybrid Air-Conditioning System

for Automotives: System Configuration and Analysis............... 9

M. Anoop Kumar

Investigation of the Combined Effect of Perforated Tube, Baffles,

and Porous Material on Acoustic Attenuation Performance .......... 17

Sandeep Kumar and K. Ravi

Semi-autonomous Vehicle Transmission and Braking Systems........ 29

G. Paul Robertson and Rammohan A.

Comparison of Gaseous and Liquid Fuel Cells for Automotive

Applications .............................................. 39

A. Thirkell and R. Chen

Lane Monitoring System for Driver Assistance Using Vehicle

to Infrastructure Connection ................................. 51

Akash Kalghatgi and A. Rammohan

Integration of Area Scanning with PSO for Improving Coverage

and Hole Detection in Sensor Networks ......................... 65

T. Shankar, Geoffrey Eappen, Shubham Mittal, and Ramit Mehra

Optimized Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks......... 83

T. Shankar, Geoffrey Eappen, and S. Rajalakshmi

Survivability Technique Using Markov Chain Model in NG-PON2

for Stacked Wavelength ..................................... 97

S. Rajalakshmi and T. Shankar

v

Effects of Different Membranes on the Performance of PEM

Fuel Cell ................................................. 113

M. Muthukumar, A. Ragul Aadhitya, N. Rengarajan, K. Sharan,

and P. Karthikeyan

Design Analysis and Fabrication of Race Car Seat to Increase

Driver Comfort ........................................... 127

K. Raja, C. D. Naiju, M. Senthil Kumar, and N. Navin Kumar

Design Optimization of Lubrication System for a Four-Cylinder

Diesel Engine ............................................. 139

J. Ramkumar, George Ranjit, Vijayabaskaran Sarath, V. Vikraman,

Bagavathy Suresh, Namani Prasad Babu, and Malekar Amit

Investigation on Turbocharger Actuator for LPG Fuelled

SI Engine ................................................ 157

K. Ravi, Jim Alexander, and E. Porpatham

Stress Analysis of Automotive Chassis Using Hypermesh

and Optistruct ............................................ 169

Vijay Sharma, D. Mallikarjuna Reddy, and Shreekant Patil

Development of Reaction Wheel Controlled Self-Balancing Bicycle

for Improving Vehicle Stability Control ......................... 187

Omkar Patil, Sujay Jadhav, and R. Ramakrishnan

An Intelligent Energy Management Strategy for Electric Vehicle

Battery/Ultracapacitor Hybrid Storage System Using Machine

Learning Approach ........................................ 197

Geetansh Mahajan, Abhinav, and R. Ramakrishnan

Low Velocity of Single and Multiple Impacts on Curved and Hybrid

Curved Composite Panel for Aircraft Applications ................ 215

D. Mallikarjuna Reddy, Shreekant Patil, Kiran S. Matti,

and Nemmani Abhinav

Aerodynamic Study of a Three Wheeler Body .................... 225

C. Bhaskar, Krishna Rawat, Muhammed Minhaj, M. Senthil Kumar,

and C. D. Naiju

Evaluating the Hardness and Microstructural Analysis of Reinforcing

the Nano Silicon Carbide and Nano Zirconium Oxide in Hybrid

Al6061 Metal Matrix Composite .............................. 231

V. Deepakaravind and P. Gopal

Exploratory and Performance Analysis of Solar Refrigeration System

Using Nanofluids—A Review ................................. 241

M. Sivakumar and S. Mahalingam

vi Contents

About the Editors

Dr. M. Razi Nalim is Executive Associate Dean for Research and Graduate

Programs at the Purdue University School of Engineering & Technology in

Indianapolis (currently on leave, and serving as Visiting Professor at Vellore

Institute of Technology, Vellore, India). He has three decades of experience in

higher education and professional practice – in industry, academia, and govern￾ment. Working at NASA Glenn Research Center and Purdue University, he pio￾neered novel concepts for pressure-gain combustion engines and non-steady flow

pressure-wave machines, aimed at efficiency, power and emissions improvement of

aircraft and power generation engines. Recognized as an entrepreneurial ‘transla￾tional’ scholar at IUPUI, he helped establish multiple industry-university research

consortia, especially with Rolls-Royce Corporation. His research has led to 7

patents, and over 100 publications, supported by over $10 million in grants from

NASA, US National Science Foundation (NSF), Rolls-Royce, and other sponsors.

He previously led R&D at two small start-up companies, and has launched a startup

company to commercialize his research. He has received the IUPUI Bynum Faculty

Mentor award for guiding undergraduate research, University Trustees teaching

award for innovative learning contributions, and the highest honors of his school for

research and service. He has conducted workshops on project-enhanced active

learning in engineering education, supported by the NSF. Internationally, Dr. Nalim

has given many keynote talks and served as NATO AGARD Scholar and twice as a

Fulbright Scholar. He is an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of

Aeronautics & Astronautics.

Dr. R. Vasudevan is Professor & Dean of School of Mechanical Engineering and

The Director- Centre for Innovative Manufacturing Research (CIMR) at Vellore

Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.He obtained his Ph.D. from Concordia

University, Canada. He has around 18 years of combined research and teaching

experience in India and Canada. He secured University first rank and Gold medal

during the Post Graduation. He was awarded International Tuition Fees Remission

at Concordia University during 2007. He was also nominated for Governor General

Gold Medal Award for Ph.D. thesis and best Ph.D. thesis Concordia University,

vii

Montreal, Canada. He has published around 45 research articles in international

journals with high impact factors. He has also authored a monograph titled

“Analysis of Smart Structure”. At present, he is working on seven research projects

sponsored by various International and National funding agencies. He has also

finished three funded projects sponsored by ARDB, VRDEand one consultancy

project by Alvi Tech. Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore. He has guided 6 Ph.D. students and one

M.S. (Research) scholar at VIT. His research focuses on broad range of problems in

mechanics of composite structures, active and semi-active vibration control,

structural health monitoring, with applications in aerospace and automotive

industries. He is a life member of Indian Society of Technical Education, New

Delhi, and a senior member of International Association of Computer Science and

Information Technology, Singapore.

Dr. Sameer Rahatekar earned his PhD at University of Cambridge where he

worked on nano-composites modelling and manufacturing. He worked as a post￾doctoral researcher at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA

where he worked on manufacturing strong and multi-functional natural polymer

based fibers using ionic liquids as a benign solvent. He also worked on

nano-particles dispersion, rheology and nano-composites manufacturing at NIST.

He was a lecturer at the Advanced Composite Centre for Innovation and Science

(ACCIS) at University of Bristol where he worked on manufacturing strong of

cellulose fibres as precursors for carbon fibers and on nano-particles reinforced

carbon/glass fiber composites for improved fracture toughness, erosion resistance

and lightening strike protection of composites parts used in aerospace industry.

viii About the Editors

CFD Analysis of Automotive Radiators

Swapnil Kumar, K. Sai Kiran, and Thundil Karuppa Raj Rajagopal

Abstract This paper of ours deals with the automotive radiators. We have shown a

computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling simulation of mass flow rate of air

passing through an automotive radiator. Modelling has been done in Solidworks and

exported to ANSYS for CFD analysis. In our paper, the main implication that we

have drawn is that the heat which is been transferred by a radiator is a function of the

airflow at different air velocity. We undertook this experiment on a single radiator of

constant geometry on the basis of some parameters like the material of the radiator

and the vehicle’s speed. The thermal analysis is done for different velocities of air

mixture passing through different tube materials such as aluminium and stainless

steel. The numerical results were compared and results obtained served as a good

database for the future investigations.

Keywords Computational Fluid Dynamics · Thermal · Meshing · Radiators · Temperature drop

Nomenclature [1,2]

Flow area ((π/4) * (Di)

2) m2

Velocity of water (ma/(ρwa * Fa)) m/s

Reynolds number for water ((ρwa * V wa * Di)/μ)

Nusselt number for water 0.023 * ((REwa)

0.8) * ((PRwa)

0.3)

Convective heat transfer coefficient of water (NUwa * Kwa)/(Di) W/m2 K

Velocity of air mair/(2 * ƥair * (π/4) * Df) m/s

Maximum velocity of air (St/(St − Do)) * Vair m/s

S. Kumar (B) · K. Sai Kiran

Student, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India

e-mail: [email protected]

T. K. R. Rajagopal

Professor, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021

M. R. Nalim et al. (eds.), Advances in Automotive Technologies, Lecture Notes

in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5947-1_1

1

2 S. Kumar et al.

Reynolds number air (ρair * Max Vair * Df)/μair

Nusselt number for air 0.664 * (REair)

0.5 * (PRair)

0.333

Convective heat transfer coefficient of air (NUair * Kair/Do) W/m2 K

Corrected fin length Lc Lf + (Hf/2) m

Coefficient for calculating efficiency m ((2 * hair)/(Kalu * Hf))0.5

Efficiency of fin ïf (tan h (m * Lc))/(m * Lc)

Surface area of fin Af 2 * Wf * L cm2

1 Main Text

A lot of technology research work has been profoundly carried out on CFD Analysis

of automobile radiator. Technical advances in the fields of automobile industry have

led to a creation of different viewpoints regarding the improvement of the vehicle’s

performance, its reliability and increasing pollution concerns. Automotive research

industries are mainly giving an emphasis on one area which is the ability to rapid

cooling of the engine for keeping in mind, its performance efficiency. Cooling is one

of the important processes for maintaining and enhancing the operational perfor￾mance of the system. Thus, researchers are starting to invest more on dealing with

this issue for technological advancements.

Automobile industries have high demands for high efficiency engines. A high

efficiency engine is not only based on the performance of radiator but also depends

on better fuel economy and less emission rate.

Radiators play a crucial role in an automobile. They are the heat exchangers which

are used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose

of cooling and heating. The radiator is always a source of heat to its environment,

although this may be for either the purpose of heating this environment, or for cooling

the fluid or coolant supplied to it, as for engine cooling radiators transfer the bulk of

their heat via convection instead of thermal radiation. The heat flow pattern in the

working of the radiator is quite straight forward in the radiator’s operation; that is

the engine heat flows through the coolant and then the coolant gets heated up [3].

The hot coolant is made to pass through the radiator from where the heat is taken up

by the air.

2 Numerical Analysis

Geometrical analysis of both the radiators is as follows

Mass properties:

Mass = 7.71 lb

Volume = 213.29 cubic inches

Surface Area = 6882.10 square inches

CFD Analysis of Automotive Radiators 3

(a) (b)

Fig. 1 (a) Automotive radiator, made of aluminium (b) automotive radiator, made of stainless steel

Mass flow rate of coolant Temperature drop of coolant in tube

Aluminium Stainless steel

0.23 27.2 23.3

0.33 22.8 18.8

2.1 Modelling

We have done the modelling in the Solidworks.

Figure 1a shows the radiator made of aluminium and Fig. 1b shows radiator made

of stainless steel.

2.2 Meshing

A pre-processing step for the computational field simulation is the discretization of

the domain of interest and is called mesh generation. Meshing has their advantages

and disadvantages in terms of both solution accuracy and the complexity of the mesh

generation process. These provide physical preferences that help in automation.

Figure 2a shows meshing for stainless steel and Fig. 2b shows meshing for

aluminium.

4 S. Kumar et al.

(a) (b)

Fig. 2 (a) Meshing of automotive radiator, made of aluminium (b) meshing of automotive radiator,

made of stainless steel

3 Results and Discussions

It shows the overall heat transfer of coolant in the radiator for different mass flow

rate of coolant for two different tube materials namely stainless steel and aluminium.

The coolant heat is transferred from coolant to the air as the temperature of coolant

decreases and temperature of air increases.

3.1 Thermal Analysis

Here, we found that the performance of radiator depends upon the mass flow rate of

coolant and air, temperature of coolant which could be altered so that to get the desired

results for improving the performance of radiator [4]. Hence, computational fluid

dynamic simulation approach is adopted to analyze the effect of different temperature

distributions for coolant on the varying mass flow rate.

3.1.1 Temperature Distribution

Figure 3a shows temperature distribution for stainless steel and Fig. 3b shows for

aluminium.

CFD Analysis of Automotive Radiators 5

(a)

(b)

Fig. 3 (a) Temperature distribution for stainless steel (b) temperature distribution for aluminium

6 S. Kumar et al.

Fig. 4 (a) Velocity distribution, CFD analysis

4 CFD Analysis

4.1 Velocity Distribution

5 Conclusion

In this work, theoretical calculations have been done. Using ANSYS, thermal

analysis, meshing is done.

Two different materials (aluminium and stainless steel) were chosen during

modeling, and after that, analysis of radiators made of (aluminium and stainless

steel) is done.

In the temperature variation distribution, we can visualize the temperature vari￾ation of both the materials and corresponding to that performance of radiator with

temperature distribution.

Meshing is becoming difficult for CFD analysis of whole radiator CAD model.

Optimization of model is done. Velocity distribution shows velocity profile.