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Advanced wireless networks : 4G technologies
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JWBK083-FM JWBK083-Glisic March 6, 2006 11:32 Char Count= 0
Advanced Wireless
Networks
4G Technologies
Savo G. Glisic
University of Oulu, Finland
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Advanced Wireless
Networks
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Advanced Wireless
Networks
4G Technologies
Savo G. Glisic
University of Oulu, Finland
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Copyright C 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
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To my family
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Contents
Preface xix
1 Fundamentals 1
1.1 4G Networks and Composite Radio Environment 1
1.2 Protocol Boosters 7
1.2.1 One-element error detection booster for UDP 9
1.2.2 One-element ACK compression booster for TCP 9
1.2.3 One-element congestion control booster for TCP 9
1.2.4 One-element ARQ booster for TCP 9
1.2.5 A forward erasure correction booster for IP or TCP 10
1.2.6 Two-element jitter control booster for IP 10
1.2.7 Two-element selective ARQ booster for IP or TCP 10
1.3 Hybrid 4G Wireless Network Protocols 10
1.3.1 Control messages and state transition diagrams 12
1.3.2 Direct transmission 13
1.3.3 The protocol for one-hop direct transmission 14
1.3.4 Protocols for two-hop direct-transmission mode 15
1.4 Green Wireless Networks 20
References 22
2 Physical Layer and Multiple Access 25
2.1 Advanced Time Division Multiple Access-ATDMA 25
2.2 Code Division Multiple Access 25
2.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 30
2.4 Multicarrier CDMA 32
2.5 Ultrawide Band Signal 36
2.6 MIMO Channels and Space Time Coding 41
References 42
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3 Channel Modeling for 4G 47
3.1 Macrocellular Environments (1.8 GHz) 47
3.2 Urban Spatal Radio Channels in Macro/MicroCell Environment (2.154 GHz) 50
3.2.1 Description of environment 51
3.2.2 Results 52
3.3 MIMO Channels in Micro- and PicoCell Environment (1.71/2.05 GHz) 53
3.3.1 Measurement set-ups 56
3.3.2 The eigenanalysis method 57
3.3.3 Definition of the power allocation schemes 57
3.4 Outdoor Mobile Channel (5.3 GHz) 58
3.4.1 Path loss models 60
3.4.2 Path number distribution 60
3.4.3 Rotation measurements in an urban environment 61
3.5 Microcell Channel (8.45 GHz) 64
3.5.1 Azimuth profile 65
3.5.2 Delay profile for the forward arrival waves 65
3.5.3 Short-term azimuth spread for forward arrival waves 65
3.6 Wireless MIMO LAN Environments (5.2 GHz) 66
3.6.1 Data evaluation 66
3.6.2 Capacity computation 68
3.6.3 Measurement environments 69
3.7 Indoor WLAN Channel (17 GHz) 70
3.8 Indoor WLAN Channel (60 GHz) 77
3.8.1 Definition of the statistical parameters 78
3.9 UWB Channel Model 79
3.9.1 The large-scale statistics 82
3.9.2 The small-scale statistics 84
3.9.3 The statistical model 86
3.9.4 Simulation steps 87
3.9.5 Clustering models for the indoor multipath propagation channel 87
3.9.6 Path loss modeling 90
References 93
4 Adaptive and Reconfigurable Link Layer 101
4.1 Link Layer Capacity of Adaptive Air Interfaces 101
4.1.1 The MAC channel model 103
4.1.2 The Markovian model 103
4.1.3 Goodput and link adaptation 105
4.1.4 Switching hysteresis 107
4.1.5 Link service rate with exact mode selection 108
4.1.6 Imperfections in the adaptation chain 110
4.1.7 Estimation process and estimate error 111
4.1.8 Channel process and estimation delay 111
4.1.9 Feedback process and mode command reception 112
4.1.10 Link service rate with imperfections 112
4.1.11 Sensitivity of state probabilities to hysteresis region width 114
4.1.12 Estimation process and estimate error 115
4.1.13 Feedback process and acquisition errors 118
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CONTENTS ix
4.2 Adaptive Transmission in Ad Hoc Networks 118
4.3 Adaptive Hybrid ARQ Schemes for Wireless Links 126
4.3.1 RS codes 127
4.3.2 PHY and MAC frame structures 127
4.3.3 Error-control schemes 129
4.3.4 Performance of adaptive FEC2 132
4.3.5 Simulation results 134
4.4 Stochastic Learning Link Layer Protocol 135
4.4.1 Stochastic learning control 135
4.4.2 Adaptive link layer protocol 136
4.5 Infrared Link Access Protocol 139
4.5.1 The IrLAP layer 140
4.5.2 IrLAP functional model description 142
References 145
5 Adaptive Medium Access Control 149
5.1 WLAN Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function 149
5.2 Adaptive MAC for WLAN with Adaptive Antennas 150
5.2.1 Description of the protocols 153
5.3 MAC for Wireless Sensor Networks 158
5.3.1 S-MAC protocol design 160
5.3.2 Periodic listen and sleep 161
5.3.3 Collision avoidance 161
5.3.4 Coordinated sleeping 162
5.3.5 Choosing and maintaining schedules 162
5.3.6 Maintaining synchronization 163
5.3.7 Adaptive listening 164
5.3.8 Overhearing avoidance and message passing 165
5.3.9 Overhearing avoidance 165
5.3.10 Message passing 166
5.4 MAC for Ad Hoc Networks 168
5.4.1 Carrier sense wireless networks 170
5.4.2 Interaction with upper layers 174
References 175
6 Teletraffic Modeling and Analysis 179
6.1 Channel Holding Time in PCS Networks 179
References 188
7 Adaptive Network Layer 191
7.1 Graphs and Routing Protocols 191
7.1.1 Elementary concepts 191
7.1.2 Directed graph 191
7.1.3 Undirected graph 192
7.1.4 Degree of a vertex 192
7.1.5 Weighted graph 193
7.1.6 Walks and paths 193
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7.1.7 Connected graphs 194
7.1.8 Trees 195
7.1.9 Spanning tree 195
7.1.10 MST computation 196
7.1.11 Shortest path spanning tree 198
7.2 Graph Theory 210
7.3 Routing with Topology Aggregation 212
7.4 Network and Aggregation Models 214
7.4.1 Line segment representation 216
7.4.2 QoS-aware topology aggregation 219
7.4.3 Mesh formation 219
7.4.4 Star formation 220
7.4.5 Line-segment routing algorithm 221
7.4.6 Performance measure 223
7.4.7 Performance example 224
References 227
8 Effective Capacity 235
8.1 Effective Traffic Source Parameters 235
8.1.1 Effective traffic source 238
8.1.2 Shaping probability 238
8.1.3 Shaping delay 239
8.1.4 Performance example 242
8.2 Effective Link Layer Capacity 243
8.2.1 Link-layer channel model 244
8.2.2 Effective capacity model of wireless channels 247
8.2.3 Physical layer vs link-layer channel model 250
8.2.4 Performance examples 253
References 255
9 Adaptive TCP Layer 259
9.1 Introduction 259
9.1.1 A large bandwidth-delay product 260
9.1.2 Buffer size 261
9.1.3 Round-trip time 262
9.1.4 Unfairness problem at the TCP layer 264
9.1.5 Noncongestion losses 264
9.1.6 End-to-end solutions 265
9.1.7 Bandwidth asymmetry 266
9.2 TCP Operation and Performance 267
9.2.1 The TCP transmitter 267
9.2.2 Retransmission timeout 268
9.2.3 Window adaptation 268
9.2.4 Packet loss recovery 268
9.2.5 TCP-OldTahoe (timeout recovery) 268
9.2.6 TCP-Tahoe (fast retransmit) 268
9.2.7 TCP-Reno fast retransmit, fast (but conservative) recovery 269
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9.2.8 TCP-NewReno (fast retransmit, fast recovery) 270
9.2.9 Spurious retransmissions 270
9.2.10 Modeling of TCP operation 270
9.3 TCP for Mobile Cellular Networks 271
9.3.1 Improving TCP in mobile environments 273
9.3.2 Mobile TCP design 273
9.3.3 The SH-TCP client 275
9.3.4 The M-TCP protocol 276
9.3.5 Performance examples 278
9.4 Random Early Detection Gateways for Congestion Avoidance 279
9.4.1 The RED algorithm 280
9.4.2 Performance example 281
9.5 TCP for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 282
9.5.1 Effect of route recomputations 283
9.5.2 Effect of network partitions 284
9.5.3 Effect of multipath routing 284
9.5.4 ATCP sublayer 284
9.5.5 ATCP protocol design 286
9.5.6 Performance examples 289
References 291
10 Crosslayer Optimization 293
10.1 Introduction 293
10.2 A Cross-Layer Architecture for Video Delivery 296
References 299
11 Mobility Management 305
11.1 Introduction 305
11.1.1 Mobility management in cellular networks 307
11.1.2 Location registration and call delivery in 4G 310
11.2 Cellular Systems with Prioritized Handoff 329
11.2.1 Channel assignment priority schemes 332
11.2.2 Channel reservation – CR handoffs 332
11.2.3 Channel reservation with queueing – CRQ handoffs 333
11.2.4 Performance examples 338
11.3 Cell Residing Time Distribution 340
11.4 Mobility Prediction in Pico- and MicroCellular Networks 344
11.4.1 PST-QoS guarantees framework 346
11.4.2 Most likely cluster model 347
Appendix: Distance Calculation in an Intermediate Cell 355
References 362
12 Adaptive Resource Management 367
12.1 Channel Assignment Schemes 367
12.1.1 Different channel allocation schemes 369
12.1.2 Fixed channel allocation 370
12.1.3 Channel borrowing schemes 371
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12.1.4 Hybrid channel borrowing schemes 373
12.1.5 Dynamic channel allocation 375
12.1.6 Centralized DCA schemes 376
12.1.7 Cell-based distributed DCA schemes 379
12.1.8 Signal strength measurement-based distributed DCA schemes 380
12.1.9 One-dimensional cellular systems 382
12.1.10 Fixed reuse partitioning 384
12.1.11 Adaptive channel allocation reuse partitioning (ACA RUP) 385
12.2 Resource Management in 4G 388
12.3 Mobile Agent-based Resource Management 389
12.3.1 Advanced resource management system 392
12.4 CDMA Cellular Multimedia Wireless Networks 395
12.4.1 Principles of SCAC 400
12.4.2 QoS differentiation paradigms 404
12.4.3 Traffic model 406
12.4.4 Performance evaluation 408
12.4.5 Related results 408
12.4.6 Modeling-based static complete-sharing MdCAC system 409
12.4.7 Measurement-based complete-sharing MsCAC system 410
12.4.8 Complete-sharing dynamic SCAC system 411
12.4.9 Dynamic SCAC system with QoS differentiation 412
12.4.10 Example of a single-class system 412
12.4.11 NRT packet access control 414
12.4.12 Assumptions 415
12.4.13 Estimation of average upper-limit (UL) data throughput 416
12.4.14 DFIMA, dynamic feedback information-based access control 417
12.4.15 Performance examples 418
12.4.16 Implementation issues 425
12.5 Joint Data Rate and Power Management 426
12.5.1 Centralized minimum total transmitted
power (CMTTP) algorithm 427
12.5.2 Maximum throughput power control (MTPC) 428
12.5.3 Statistically distributed multirate power control (SDMPC) 430
12.5.4 Lagrangian multiplier power control (LRPC) 431
12.5.5 Selective power control (SPC) 432
12.5.6 RRM in multiobjective (MO) framework 432
12.5.7 Multiobjective distributed power and rate control (MODPRC) 433
12.5.8 Multiobjective totally distributed power and rate
control (MOTDPRC) 435
12.5.9 Throughput maximization/power minimization (MTMPC) 436
12.6 Dynamic Spectra Sharing in Wireless Networks 439
12.6.1 Channel capacity 439
12.6.2 Channel models 440
12.6.3 Diversity reception 440
12.6.4 Performance evaluation 441
12.6.5 Multiple access techniques and user capacity 441
12.6.6 Multiuser detection 442