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Advanced topics in database research
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Hershey • London • Melbourne • Singapore
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Keng Siau
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
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Preface ........................................................................................................................viii
Section I: Analysis and Evaluation of Database Models
Chapter I
A Rigorous Framework for Model-Driven Development ...............................................1
Liliana Favre, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Chapter II
Adopting Open Source Development Tools in a Commercial Production
Environment: Are We Locked in? .............................................................................. 28
Anna Persson,University of Skövde, Sweden
Henrik Gustavsson, University of Skövde, Sweden
Brian Lings,University of Skövde, Sweden
Björn Lundell, University of Skövde, Sweden
Anders Mattsson, Combitech AB, Sweden
Ulf Ärlig, Combitech AB, Sweden
Chapter III
Classification as Evaluation: A Framework Tailored for Ontology
Building Methods ........................................................................................................ 41
Sari Hakkarainen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
Darijus Strasunskas, Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway, & Vilnius University, Lithuania
Lillian Hella, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Stine Tuxen, Bekk Consulting, Norway
Chapter IV
Exploring the Concept of Method Rationale: A Conceptual Tool to
Understand Method Tailoring ..................................................................................... 63
Pär J. Ågerfalk, University of Limerick, Ireland
Brian Fitzgerald, University of Limerick, Ireland
Chapter V
Assessing Business Process Modeling Languages Using a Generic
Quality Framework ..................................................................................................... 79
Anna Gunhild Nysetvold, Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
John Krogstie, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Chapter VI
An Analytical Evaluation of BPMN Using a Semiotic Quality Framework ............... 94
Terje Wahl, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Guttorm Sindre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Chapter VII
Objectification of Relationships ............................................................................... 106
Terry Halpin, Neumont University, USA
Chapter VIII
A Template-Based Analysis of GRL ......................................................................... 124
Patrick Heymans, University of Namur, Belgium
Germain Saval, University of Namur, Belgium
Gautier Dallons, DECIS SA/NV, Belgium
Isabelle Pollet, SmalS-MvM/Egov, Belgium
Section II: Database Designs and Applications
Chapter IX
Externalisation and Adaptation of Multi-Agent System Behaviour .......................... 148
Liang Xiao, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Des Greer, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Chapter X
Reuse of a Repository of Conceptual Schemas in a Large Scale Project ................ 170
Carlo Batini, University of Milano Bicocca, Italy
Manuel F. Garasi, Italy
Riccardo Grosso, CSI-Piemonte, Italy
Chapter XI
The MAIS Approach to Web Service Design ............................................................ 187
Marzia Adorni, Francesca Arcelli, Carlo Batini, Marco Comerio,
Flavio De Paoli, Simone Grega, Paolo Losi, Andrea Maurino,
Claudia Raibulet, Francesco Tisato, Università di Milano Bicocca, Italy
Danilo Ardagna, Luciano Baresi, Cinzia Cappiello, Marco Comuzzi,
Chiara Francalanci, Stefano Modafferi, & Barbara Pernici,
Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Chapter XII
Toward Autonomic DBMSs: A Self-Configuring Algorithm for DBMS
Buffer Pools .............................................................................................................. 205
Patrick Martin, Queen’s University, Canada
Wendy Powley, Queen’s University, Canada
Min Zheng, Queen’s University, Canada
Chapter XIII
Clustering Similar Schema Elements Across Heterogeneous Databases:
A First Step in Database Integration ........................................................................ 227
Huimin Zhao, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA
Sudha Ram, University of Arizona, USA
Chapter XIV
An Efficient Concurrency Control Algorithm for High-Dimensional Index
Strutures ................................................................................................................... 249
Seok Il Song, Chungju National University, Korea
Jae Soo Yoo, Chungbuk National University, Korea
Section III: Database Design Issues and Solutions
Chapter XV
Modeling Fuzzy Information in the IF2
O and Relational Data Models ..................... 273
Z. M. Ma, Northeastern University, China
Chapter XVI
Evaluating the Performance of Dynamic Database Applications.............................. 294
Zhen He, La Trobe University, Australia
Jérôme Darmont, Université Lumière Lyon 2, France
Chapter XVII
MAMDAS: A Mobile Agent-Based Secure Mobile Data Access System
Framework ................................................................................................................ 320
Yu Jiao, Pennsylvania State University, USA
Ali R. Hurson, Pennsylvania State University, USA
vi
Chapter XVIII
Indexing Regional Objects in High-Dimensional Spaces ........................................ 348
Byunggu Yu, University of Wyoming, USA
Ratko Orlandic, University of Illinois at Springfield, USA
Section IV: Semantic Database Analysis
Chapter XIX
A Concept-Based Query Language Not Using Proper Association Names ............. 374
Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Lipetsk State Technical University, Russia
Chapter XX
Semantic Analytics in Intelligence: Applying Semantic Association
Discovery to Determine Relevance of Heterogeneous Documents........................... 401
Boanerges Aleman-Meza, University of Georgia, USA
Amit P. Sheth, University of Georgia, USA
Devanand Palaniswami, University of Georgia, USA
Matthew Eavenson, University of Georgia, USA
I. Budak Arpinar, University of Georgia, USA
Chapter XXI
Semantic Integration in Multidatabase Systems: How Much
Can We Integrate? .................................................................................................... 420
Te-Wei Wang, University of Illinois, USA
Kenneth E. Murphy, Willamette University, USA
About the Editor ......................................................................................................... 440
About the Authors ..................................................................................................... 441
Index ........................................................................................................................ 453
$
viii
INTRODUCTION
Database management is an integral part of many business applications, especially considering the current business environment that emphasizes data, information,
and knowledge as crucial components to the proper utilization and dispensing of an
organization’s resources. Building upon the work of previous volumes in this book
series, we are once again proud to present a collection of high-quality and state-of-theart research conducted by experts from all around the world .
This book is designed to provide researchers and academics with the latest research-focused chapters on database and database management; these chapters will
be insightful and helpful to their current and future research. The book is also designed
to serve technical professionals and aims to enhance professional understanding of
the capabilities and features of new database applications and upcoming database
technologies.
This book is divided into four sections: (I) Analysis and Evaluation of Database
Models, (II) Database Designs and Applications, (III) Database Design Issues and
Solutions, and (IV) Semantic Database Analysis.
SECTION I: ANALYSIS AND
EVALUATION OF DATABASE MODELS
Chapter I, “A Rigorous Framework for Model-Driven Development,” describes a
rigorous framework that comprises the NEREUS metamodeling notation, a system of
transformation rules to bridge the gap between UML/OCL and NEREUS and, the definition of MDA-based reusable components and model/metamodeling transformations.
This chapter also shows how to integrate NEREUS with algebraic languages using the
Common Algebraic Specification Language.
Chapter II, “Adopting Open-Source Development Tools in a Commercial Production Environment: Are We Locked in?” explores the use of a standardized interchange
format for increased flexibility in a company environment. It also reports on a case
study in which a systems development company has explored the possibility of complementing its current proprietary tools with open-source products for supporting its
model-based development activities.
ix
Chapter III, “Classification as Evaluation: A Framework Tailored for Ontology
Building Methods,” presents a weighted classification approach for ontology-building
guidelines. A sample of Web-based ontology-building method guidelines is evaluated
in general and experimented with when using data from a case study. It also discusses
directions for further refinement of ontology-building methods.
Chapter IV, “Exploring the Concept of Method Rationale: A Conceptual Tool to
Understand Method Tailoring,” starts off explaining why systems development methods also encapsulate rationale. It goes on to show how the combination of two different aspects of method rationale can be used to enlighten the communication and apprehension methods in systems development, particularly in the context of tailoring of
methods to suit particular development situations.
Chapter V, “Assessing Business Process Modeling Languages Using a Generic
Quality Framework,” evaluates a generic framework for assessing the quality of models
and modeling languages used in a company. This chapter illustrates the practical utility
of the overall framework, where language quality features are looked upon as a means
to enable the creation of other models of high quality.
Chapter VI, “An Analytical Evaluation of BPMN Using a Semiotic Quality Framework,” explores the different modeling languages available today. It recognizes that
many of them define overlapping concepts and usage areas and consequently make it
difficult for organizations to select the most appropriate language related to their needs.
It then analytically evaluates the business process modeling notation (BPMN) according to the semiotic quality framework. Its further findings indicate that BPMN is easily
learned for simple use, and business process diagrams are relatively easy to understand.
Chapter VII, “Objectification of Relationships,” provides an in-depth analysis of
objectification, shedding new light on its fundamental nature, and providing practical
guidelines on using objectification to model information systems.
Chapter VIII, “A Template-Based Analysis of GRL,” applies the template proposed by Opdahl and Henderson-Sellers to the goal-oriented Requirements Engineering Language GRL. It then further proposes a metamodel of GRL that identifies the
constructs of the language and the links between them. The purpose of this chapter is
to improve the quality of goal modeling.
SECTION II: DATABASE DESIGNS
AND APPLICATIONS
Chapter IX, “Externalisation and Adaptation of Multi-Agent System Behaviour,”
proposes the adaptive agent model (AAM) for agent-oriented system development. It
then explains that, in AAM, requirements can be transformed into externalized business rules that represent agent behaviors. Collaboration between agents using these
rules can be modeled using extended UML diagrams. An illustrative example is used
here to show how AAM is deployed, demonstrating adaptation of inter-agent collaboration, intra-agent behaviors, and agent ontologies.
Chapter X, “Reuse of a Repository of Conceptual Schemas in a Large-Scale
Project,” describes a methodology and a tool for the reuse of a repository of conceptual
schemas. The methodology described in this chapter is applied in a project where an
existing repository of conceptual schemas, representing information of interest for
central public administration, is used in order to produce the corresponding repository
of the administrations located in a region.
Chapter XI, “The MAIS Approach to Web Service Design,” presents a first attempt to realize a methodological framework supporting the most relevant phases of the
design of a value-added service. The framework has been developed as part of the
MAIS project. It describes the MAIS methodological tools available for different phases
of service life cycle and discusses the main guidelines driving the implementation of a
service management architecture that complies with the MAIS methodological approach.
Chapter XII, “Toward Autonomic DBMSs: A Self-Configuring Algorithm for DBMS
Buffer Pools,” introduces autonomic computing as a means to automate the complex
tuning, configuration, and optimization tasks that are currently the responsibility of the
database administrator.
Chapter XIII, “Clustering Similar Schema Elements Across Heterogeneous Databases: A First Step in Database Integration,” proposes a cluster analysis-based approach to semi-automating the interschema relationship identification process, which
is typically very time-consuming and requires extensive human interaction. It also describes a self-organizing map prototype the authors have developed that provides
users with a visualization tool for displaying clustering results and for incremental
evaluation of potentially similar elements from heterogeneous data sources.
Chapter XIV, “An Efficient Concurrency Control Algorithm for High-Dimensional
Index Structures,” introduces a concurrency control algorithm based on link-technique
for high-dimensional index structures. This chapter proposes an algorithm that minimizes delay of search operations in high-dimensional index structures. The proposed
algorithm also supports concurrency control on reinsert operations in such structures.
SECTION III: DATABASE DESIGN
ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS
Chapter XV, “Modeling Fuzzy Information in the IF2
O and Relational Data Models,” examines some conceptual data models used in computer applications in nontraditional area. Based on a fuzzy set and possibility distribution theory, different levels of fuzziness are introduced into IFO data model and the corresponding graphical
representations are given. IFO data model is then extended to a fuzzy IFO data model,
denoted IF2
O. This chapter also provides the approach to mapping an IF2
O model to a
fuzzy relational database schema.
Chapter XVI, “Evaluating the Performance of Dynamic Database Applications,”
explores the effect that changing access patterns has on the performance of database
management systems. The studies indicate that all existing benchmarks or evaluation
frameworks produce static access patterns in which objects are always accessed in the
same order repeatedly. The authors in this chapter instantiate the Dynamic Evaluation
Framework, which simulates access pattern changes using configurable styles of change,
into the Dynamic object Evaluation Framework that is designed for object databases.
Chapter XVII, “MAMDAS: A Mobile Agent-Based Secure Mobile Data Access
System Framework,” recognizes that creating a global information-sharing environment in the presence of autonomy and heterogeneity of data sources is a difficult task.
x
The constraints on bandwidth, connectivity, and resources worsen the problem when
adding mobility and wireless medium to the mix. The authors in this chapter designed
and prototyped a mobile agent-based secure mobile data access system (MAMDAS)
framework for information retrieval in large and heterogeneous databases. They also
proposed a security architecture for MAMDAS to address the issues of information
security.
Chapter XVIII, “Indexing Regional Objects in High-Dimensional Spaces,” reviews the problems of contemporary spatial access methods in spaces with many dimensions and presents an efficient approach to building advanced spatial access methods that effectively attack these problems. It also discusses the importance of highdimensional spatial access methods for the emerging database applications.
SECTION IV:
SEMANTIC DATABASE ANALYSIS
Chapter XIX, “A Concept-Based Query Language Not Using Proper Association
Names,” focuses on a concept-based query language that permits querying by means
of application domain concepts only. It introduces constructions of closures and contexts as applied to the language which permit querying some indirectly associated
concepts as if they were associated directly and adopting queries to users’ needs
without rewriting. The author of this chapter believes that the proposed language
opens new ways of solving tasks of semantic human-computer interaction and semantic data integration.
Chapter XX, “Semantic Analytics in Intelligence: Applying Semantic Association
Discovery to Determine Relevance of Heterogeneous Documents,” describes an ontological approach for determining the relevance of documents based on the underlying
concept of exploiting complex semantic relationships among real-world entities. This
chapter builds upon semantic metadata extraction and annotation, practical domainspecific ontology creation, main-memory query processing, and the notion of semantic
association. It also discusses how a commercial product using Semantic Web technology, Semagix Freedom, is used for metadata extraction when designing and populating
an ontology from heterogeneous sources.
Chapter XXI, “Semantic Integration in Multidatabase Systems: How Much Can
We Integrate?” reviews the semantic integration issues in multidatabase development
and provides a standardized representation for classifying semantic conflicts. It then
explores the idea further by examining semantic conflicts and proposes taxonomy to
classify semantic conflicts in different groups.
These 21 chapters provide a sample of the cutting edge research in all facets of
the database field. This volume aims to be a valuable resource for scholars and practitioners alike, providing easy access to excellent chapters which address the latest
research issues in this field.
Keng Siau
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
January 2006
xi
Section I:
Analysis and Evaluation
of Database Models
A Rigorous Framework for Model-Driven Development 1
Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written
permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
Chapter I
A Rigorous Framework
for Model-Driven
Development
Liliana Favre,
Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
ABSTRACT
The model-driven architecture (MDA) is an approach to model-centric software
development. The concepts of models, metamodels, and model transformations are at
the core of MDA. Model-driven development (MDD) distinguishes different kinds of
models: the computation-independent model (CIM), the platform-independent model
(PIM), and the platform-specific model (PSM). Model transformation is the process of
converting one model into another model of the same system, preserving some kind of
equivalence relation between them. One of the key concepts behind MDD is that models
generated during software developments are represented using common metamodeling
techniques. In this chapter, we analyze an integration of MDA metamodeling techniques
with knowledge developed by the community of formal methods. We describe a rigorous
framework that comprises the NEREUS metamodeling notation (open to many other
formal languages), a system of transformation rules to bridge the gap between UML/
OCL and NEREUS, the definition of MDA-based reusable components, and model/
metamodeling transformations. In particular, we show how to integrate NEREUS with
2 Favre
Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written
permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
algebraic languages using the Common Algebraic Specification Language (CASL).
NEREUS focuses on interoperability of formal languages in MDD.
INTRODUCTION
The model-driven architecture (MDA) is an initiative of the Object Management
Group (OMG, www.omg.org), which is facing a paradigm shift from object-oriented
software development to model-centric development. It is emerging as a technical
framework to improve portability, interoperability, and reusability (MDA, www.omg.org/
docs/omg/03-06-01.pdf). MDA promotes the use of models and model-to-model transformations for developing software systems. All artifacts, such as requirement specifications, architecture descriptions, design descriptions, and code, are regarded as models
and are represented using common modeling languages. MDA distinguishes different
kinds of models: the computation-independent model (CIM), the platform-independent
model (PIM), and the platform-specific model (PSM). Unified Modeling Language (UML,
www.uml.org) combined with Object Constraint Language (OCL, www.omg.org/cgi-bin/
doc?ptc/2003-10-14) is the most widely used way to specify PIMs and PSMs.
A model-driven development (MDD) is carried out as a sequence of model transformations. Model transformation is the process of converting one model into another
model of the same system, preserving some kind of equivalence relation between them.
The high-level models that are developed independently of a particular platform are
gradually transformed into models and code for specific platforms.
One of the key concepts behind MDA is that all artifacts generated during software
developments are represented using common metamodeling techniques. Metamodels in
the context of MDA are expressed using meta object facility (MOF) (www.omg.org/mof).
The integration of UML 2.0 with the OMG MOF standards provides support for MDA
tool interoperability (www.uml.org). However, the existing MDA-based tools do not
provide sophisticated transformations because many of the MDA standards are recent
or still in development (CASE, www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ad/2001-02-01). For instance,
OMG is working on the definition of a query, view, transformations (QVT) metamodel,
and to date there is no way to define transformations between MOF models (http://
www.sce.carleton.ca/courses/sysc-4805/w06/courseinfo/OMdocs/MOF-QVT-ptc-05-11-
01.pdf). There is currently no precise foundation for specifying model-to-model transformations.
MDDs can be improved by means of other metamodeling techniques. In particular,
in this chapter, we analyze the integration of MDA with knowledge developed by the
formal method community. If MDA becomes a commonplace, adapting it to formal
development will become crucial. MDA can take advantage of the different formal
languages and the diversity of tools developed for prototyping, model validations, and
model simulations. Currently, there is no way to integrate semantically formal languages
and their related tools with MDA. In this direction, we define a framework that focuses
on interoperability of formal languages in MDD. The framework comprises:
• The metamodeling notation NEREUS;
• A “megamodel” for defining MDA-based reusable components;
• A bridge between UML/OCL and NEREUS; and
• Bridges between NEREUS and formal languages.