Adobe Flash CS4 professional digital classroom

Adobe®

Flash®

CS4 Professional

• Full-color step-by-step

instructional book

• Video training from Adobe

Certifi ed Experts

A Complete Training Package!

You have a personal tutor

in the Digital Classroom

If you want expert instruction that fi ts into your schedule, the Digital Classroom delivers.

Adobe Certifi ed Experts guide you through 15 lessons, helping you learn essential

Flash CS4 Professional skills at your own speed. Full-color, step-by-step instructions in

the book are enhanced with video tutorials on the DVD. With Digital Classroom, you

have your own private instructor showing you the easiest way to learn Flash CS4.

Fred Gerantabee & the AGI Creative Team

Gerantabee Flash® CS4 Professional

Computer Graphics / General

$49.99 US/$54.99 CAN

www.digitalclassroombooks.com

Fred Gerantabee is the Training Manager at Aquent Graphics Institute and he is also an Adobe Certifi ed Instructor.

He is a member of the AGI Creative Team, which develops and delivers training programs for creative, marketing, and

communications professionals through the Aquent Graphics Institute.

• Create cool vector-based artwork and

animation with Flash drawing tools

• Use the new animation engine to easily

create stunning, lightweight animation

for online and CD/DVD ROM projects

• Duplicate, save, and reuse animation

sequences

• Explore all-new tools for building

3D graphics and animation

• Import graphics from Photoshop® and

Illustrator®; add music or video for

immersive multimedia creations

• Control movie playback and create

interactive controls with ActionScript®

Adobe®

Tutorials and lesson fi les

on companion DVD

Training DVD

Included

FLCS4.indb II 9/18/2008 3:03:07 PM

Adobe Flash® CS4

Professional

Digital

Classroom

FLCS4.indb I 9/18/2008 3:03:07 PM

FLCS4.indb II 9/18/2008 3:03:07 PM

Adobe Flash® CS4

Professional

Digital

Classroom

Fred Gerantabee and Aquent Creative Team

FLCS4.indb III 9/18/2008 3:03:07 PM

Adobe Flash® CS4 Professional Digital Classroom

Published by

Wiley Publishing, Inc.

10475 Crosspoint Boulevard

Indianapolis, IN 46256

Copyright © 2009 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada

ISBN: 978-0-470-41093-6

Manufactured in the United States of America

10987654321

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form

or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as

permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior

written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee

to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978)

646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department,

Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317)

572-4355, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or

warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically

disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No

warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies

contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding

that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services.

If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be

sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact

that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of

further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the

organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be

aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this

work was written and when it is read.

For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support, please

contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at (800) 762-2974, outside the U.S. at (317)

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Trademarks: Wiley and related trade dress are registered trademarks of Wiley Publishing, Inc., in the

United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. The Aquent and

AGI logos are trademarks of Aquent, LLC in the United States and other countries, and may not be

used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Wiley Publishing, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print

may not be available in electronic books.

FLCS4.indb IV 9/18/2008 3:03:07 PM

About the Authors

Fred Gerantabee is an Emmy award winning interactive designer, web developer and author based

in New York City, and serves as training manager for Aquent Graphics Institute (AGI). Prior to joining

Aquent, Fred was an interactive producer with ABC/Disney Interactive, working on ITV applications

for hit shows such as Extreme Makeover: Home Edition, the Academy Awards and Toon Disney’s JETIX

Cards Live. Fred is the author of books on Flash and Dreamweaver, and co-author of the Creative Suite

4 Web Premium for Dummies, also published by Wiley. Fred is an Adobe Certified Instructor and holds

Adobe Certified Expert status in Flash, Dreamweaver, Flash Lite, and Contribute.

Jeff Ausura is an Artist, Interactive Designer and Adobe Certified Expert in Flash and Dreamweaver. Jeff

is a contributing author to several books on these applications. When he’s not working on Flash and

ActionScript, he spends his time working with C# and Silverlight, creating immersive video players and

virtual fish tanks to entertain his real-life orange cat. He holds a BA in fine art from Bennington College.

Jeremy Osborn has more than 15 years of experience in web and graphic design, filmmaking, writing

and publication development for both print and digital media. He serves as training director of

Aquent Graphics Institute, and has contributed to several of the Adobe Classroom in a Book series for

Adobe Press. Jeremy holds a MS in Management from the Marlboro College Graduate Center and a

BFA in Film/TV from the Tisch School of the Arts at NYU.

Jerron Smith is as an instructor for Aquent Graphics Institute and also an adjunct instructor in the

Communication Arts department at the New York Institute of Technology, where he instructs courses

in computer graphics methodology and technique. He is also a member with both ACMSiggraph

and the Computer Graphics Society He is a contributing author to several books on Flash, Photoshop,

and Photoshop Elements. Jerron completed his undergraduate work at New York’s esteemed Fashion

Institute of Technology and The City University of New York, and then completed his Master’s studies

in Communications Arts at the New York Institute of Technology.

The Aquent Creative Team is comprised of Adobe Certified Experts and Adobe Certified Instructors

from Aquent Graphics Institute (AGI). The Aquent Creative Team has authored many of Adobe’s official

training guides, and works with many of the world’s most prominent companies helping them to use

creative software to communicate more effectively and creatively. They work with marketing, creative

and communications teams around the world, and teach regularly scheduled classes at AGI’s locations.

More information at agitraining.com.

FLCS4.indb V 9/18/2008 3:03:07 PM

Acknowledgments

Thanks to our many friends at Adobe Systems, Inc. who made this book possible and assisted with

questions and feedback during the writing process. To the many clients of AGI who have helped us

better understand how they use Flash and provided us with many of the tips and suggestions found

in this book. A special thanks to the instructional team at AGI for their input and assistance in the

review process and for making this book such a team effort. Thanks to Arturo Toledo for helping us to

expand our creative horizons in creating the next generation of interactive experiences. Thanks also to

John, Steve, Mia, Ann, Mike, Nunzio, Greg, Cheryl, and the hundreds of Aquent employees around the

world who support our efforts to provide professional development training for creative, marketing,

and communications professionals.

Thanks to the following photographers for the use of their images: Lesson 12: Risa Binder photo by

Lou Poirier; Leslie Graves photo by Calvin Williams; Christopher Heinz photo by Calvin Williams; Shayna

Zaid photo by William Kates; Oscar Rodriguez/Nakatomi Plaza photo by Dave Sanders; Emek Rave

photo by Holly Danger.

FLCS4.indb VI 9/18/2008 3:03:07 PM

Credits

Additional Writing

Jeff Ausura, Jeremy Osborn, Jerron Smith

Series Editor

Christopher Smith

Senior Acquisitions Editor

Jody Lefevere

Technical Editors

Cathy Auclair, Larry Happy, Sean McKnight,

Haziel Olivera, Eric Rowse

Editor

Marylouise Wiack

Editorial Manager

Robyn Siesky

Business Manager

Amy Knies

Senior Marketing Manager

Sandy Smith

Vice President and Executive Group

Publisher

Richard Swadley

Vice President and Publisher

Barry Pruett

Project Coordinator

Lynsey Stanford

Graphics and Production Specialist

Lauren Mickol

Media Development Project Supervisor

Jeremy Osborn

Proofreading

Jay Donahue

Indexing

Broccoli Information Management

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FLCS4.indb VIII 9/18/2008 3:03:07 PM

Table of Contents IX

Starting Up

About Flash Digital Classroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Prerequisites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

System requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Starting Adobe Flash CS4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Resetting the Flash workspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Loading lesson fi les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Working with the video tutorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Setting up for viewing the video tutorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Viewing the video tutorials

with the Adobe Flash Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Additional resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Lesson 1: What’s New in Adobe Flash CS4?

Starting up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Testing the waters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

New animation engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Motion Presets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

The Motion Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

New easing behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

New drawing tools: The Deco

and Spray Brush tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

The 3D Rotation and 3D Translation tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Inverse Kinematics: The new

Bone and Bind tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

New CS4 interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

New F4V video format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Adobe Media Encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Lesson 2: Flash CS4 Jumpstart

Starting up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

What is Flash?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

About Flash Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Flash fi le types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Creating a new document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Contents

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X

Contents

Adobe Flash CS4 Professional Digital Classroom

Setting up your new document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Saving your Flash document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Opening documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

The Flash workspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

The Stage and work area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

The Flash Tools panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

The Property Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Panels and panel groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

The Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Practicing with the Flash tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

The drawing and selection tools in action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Using gradient and color tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Animation in action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Getting help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Support forums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Moving forward. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Self study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Lesson 3: Getting Started with the Drawing Tools

Starting up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Drawing in Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Using the Merge Drawing model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Creating artwork in Merged

Drawing mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Working with Drawing Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Putting it all together. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Using the Line tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Using the Pen tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Using the Add and Delete

Anchor Point tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Using the Combine Objects menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Using the Primitive tools (Smart Shapes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Using the Oval Primitive tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

The Rectangle Primitive tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Adding text to your artwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Adding fi lters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

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Contents

Table of Contents XI

Working with colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Getting set up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Creating gradients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Using opacity with gradient colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Creating custom colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Saving a custom color set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Organizing and layering graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Working with layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Arranging, locking, and hiding layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Creating layer folders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Transforming graphics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

The Transform menu and

Free Transform tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

The Transform panel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Transforming gradients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Self study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Lesson 4: Using Symbols and the Library

Starting up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

What are symbols? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

A look at the Library panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Creating symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Converting a graphic to a symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Creating blank symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Building artwork with symbol instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Positioning and snapping

in symbol instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Editing and duplicating symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Editing symbols in place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Modifying individual symbol instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Modifying instance color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Fine-tuning your background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Duplicating symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Adding graphics and

text to your banner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Swapping symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

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XII

Contents

Adobe Flash CS4 Professional Digital Classroom

Managing the Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Organizing symbols with folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

The Move To command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Deleting items from the library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Controlling library views. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Wrapping up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Self study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Lesson 5: Advanced Tools

Starting up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Working with gradients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Adjusting gradients with the

Gradient Transform tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

New Flash CS4 tools for

advanced drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Spraying symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Masking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Introducing the Deco tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Advanced Deco tool techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Introduction to IK tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Self study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Lesson 6: Creating Basic Animation

Starting up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Introducing keyframes

and the Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Frames and keyframes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Building animation: Enter the tween . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

New: Tween layers and

automatic keyframing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Tweening multiple objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Previewing animation with Test Movie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Moving and transforming tween paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Incorporating color eff ects and scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

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Contents

Table of Contents XIII

New: Introducing the Motion Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Modifying the animation

using the Motion Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Tweening rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Controlling animation paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Where did Motion Guide layers go?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

What happens to my existing Flash

fi les that use Motion Guide layers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

How do I create a motion

guide if I still want to? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Morphing graphics and

colors with shape tweens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Shape tween basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Legacy techniques:

Creating classic tweens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Adding color eff ects and

scaling to a classic tween . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

(Re)creating motion guides

for classic tweens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Troubleshooting Motion Guides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Adjusting animation

with onion skinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Looking ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Self study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Lesson 7: Advanced Animation

Starting up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Copying, pasting, and saving animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Using Copy and Paste Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

New: Creating Motion Presets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Applying Advanced Easing Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Animating Masks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Creating Animation with IK Poses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Sequencing Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Shifting, Moving, and Extending

Tween Spans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

New: Rendering and Animating in 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

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