A companion to digital literary studies

A C O M P A N I O N TO

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HAY S IE M E N S A M ) lilJSAN S C H R B IB M A N

© WI LEY- BLACKWEL

A Companion to Digital Literary Studies

Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture

This series offers comprehensive, newly written surveys of key periods and movements

and certain major authors, in English literary culture and history. Extensive volumes

provide new perspectives and positions on contexts and on canonical and post-canonical

texts, orientating the beginning student in new fields of study and providing the

experienced undergraduate and new graduate with current and new directions, as

pioneered and developed by leading scholars in the field.

64. A Companion to T wentieth-C entury U nited States Fiction Edited by David Seed

65. A Companion to Tudor Literature Edited by Kent Cartwright

66. A Companion to Crime Fiction Edited by Charles Rzepka and Lee Horsley

67. A Companion to M edieval Poetry Edited by Corinne Saunders

68. A New Companion to English Renaissance Literature a n d Culture Edited by Michael Hattaway

69. A Companion to the American Short Story Edited by Alfred Bendixen and

James Nagel

70. A Companion to A merican L iterature a n d Culture Edited by Paul Lauter

71. A Companion to A frican American Literature Edited by Gene Jarrett

72. A Companion to Irish Literature Edited by Julia M. Wright

73. A Companion to R om antic Poetry Edited by Charles Mahoney

74. A Companion to the Literature a n d C ulture of the American West Edited by Nicolas S. Witschi

75. A Companion to Sensation Fiction Edited by Pamela K. Gilbert

76. A Companion to Comparative Literature Edited by Ali Behdad and Dominic Thomas

77. A Companion to P oetic Genre Edited by Erik Martiny

78. A Companion to A merican L iterary Studies Edited by Caroline F. Levander and

Robert S. Levine

79. A New Companion to the G othic Edited by David Punter

80. A Companion to the American Novel Edited by Alfred Bendixen

81. A Companion to L iterature, F ilm , an d Adaptation Edited by Deborah Cartmell

82. A Companion to G eorge Eliot Edited by Amanda Anderson and

Harry E. Shaw

83. A Companion to C reative W riting Edited by Graeme Harper

A C O M P A N I O N T O

D ig ital 4,terary

STUDIES

E D IT E D B Y

RAY SIEMENS AND SUSAN SCHREIBMAN

©WILEY-BLACKWELL

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

This paperback edition first published 2013

© 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, except for editorial material and organization

© 2013 by Ray Siemens and Susan Schreibman

Edition history: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (hardback, 2007)

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A companion to digital literary studies / edited by Ray Siemens and Susan Schreibman.

p. cm.— (Blackwell companions to literature and culture)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4051-4864-1 (cloth) - 978-1-118-49227-7 (pbk)

1. Literature and the Internet. 2. Electronic publications. 3 . Literature— Computer network resources.

4. Digital libraries. 5. Hypertextsystems. I. Siemens, RaymondG eorge,1966- II. Schreibman, Susan.

PN56.I65C66 2007

802.85— dc22

2007003822

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover image: William Blake, Newton, color print finished in ink and watercolor, 1795/c. 1805;

© Tate, London 2006

Cover design by Richard Boxall Design Associates

Set in 11/13pt Garamond Three by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India

1 2013

Contents

Notes on Contributors viii

Editors’ Introduction xviii

Ray Siemens and Susan Schreibman

Part I Introduction 1

1 Imagining the New Media Encounter 3

Alan Liu

Part II Traditions 27

2 ePhilology: When the Books Talk to Their Readers 29

Gregory Crane, D avid Bamman, and Alison Jones

3 Disciplinary Impact and Technological Obsolescence in Digital

Medieval Studies 65

Daniel Paul O’Donnell

4 ‘‘Knowledge w ill be m ultiplied”: Digital Literary Studies

and Early Modern Literature 82

Matthew Steggle

5 Eighteenth-Century Literature in English and Other Languages:

Image, Text, and Hypertext 106

Peter Damian-Grint

6 Multimedia and Multitasking: A Survey of Digital Resources for

Nineteenth-Century Literary Studies 121

John A. Walsh

vi Contents

7 Hypertext and Avant-texte in Twentieth-Century and Contemporary

Literature

Dirk Van Hulle

Part III Textualities

8 Reading Digital Literature: Surface, Data, Interaction,

and Expressive Processing

Noah Wardrip-Fruin

9 Is There a Text on This Screen? Reading in an Era of

Hypertextuality

Bertrand Gervais

10 Reading on Screen: The New Media Sphere

Christian Vandendorpe

11 The Virtual Codex from Page Space to E-space

Johanna Drucker

12 Handholding, Remixing, and the Instant Replay:

New Narratives in a Postnarrative World

Carolyn Guertin

13 Fictional Worlds in the Digital Age

Marie-Laure Ryan

14 Riddle Machines: The History and Nature of Interactive Fiction

Nick Montfort

15 Too Dimensional: Literary and Technical Images of Potentiality

in the History of Hypertext

Belinda Barnet and Darren Tofts

16 Private Public Reading: Readers in Digital Literature Installation

Mark Leahy

17 Digital Poetry: A Look at Generative, Visual, and Interconnected

Possibilities in its First Four Decades

Christopher Funkhouser

18 Digital Literary Studies: Performance and Interaction

D avid Z. Saltz

19 Licensed to Play: Digital Games, Player Modifications,

and Authorized Production

Andrew Mactavish

20 Blogs and Blogging: Text and Practice

Aimee Morrison

139

161

163

183

203

216

233

250

267

283

301

318

336

349

369

Contents vii

Part IV Methodologies 389

21 Knowing . . . : Modeling in Literary Studies

Willard McCarty

391

22 Digital and Analog Texts

John Lavagnino

402

23 Cybertextuality and Philology

lan Lancashire

415

24 Electronic Scholarly Editions

Kenneth M. Price

434

25 The Text Encoding Initiative and the Study of Literature

James Cummings

451

26 Algorithmic Criticism

Stephen Ramsay

477

27 W riting Machines

William Winder

492

28 Quantitative Analysis and Literary Studies

D avid L. Hoover

517

29 The Virtual Library

G. Sayeed Choudhury and D avid Seaman

534

30 Practice and Preservation — Format Issues

Marc Bragdon, Alan Burk, Lisa Charlong, and Jason Nugent

547

31 Character Encoding

Christian Wittern

564

Annotated O verview of Selected Electronic Resources 577

Tanya Clement and Gretchen Gueguen

Index 597

Notes on Contributors

Editors

Ray Siemens is Canada Research Chair in Humanities Computing and Professor of

English at the University of Victoria. He is President (English) of the Society for

Digital Humanities / Sociétépour l’etude des medias interactifs, Visiting Senior Research

Fellow at the Centre for Computing in the Humanities at King’s College London, and

Visiting Research Professor at Sheffield Hallam University. Director of the Digital

Humanities Summer Institute, and founding editor of the electronic scholarly journal

Early Modern Literary Studies, he is also author of works chiefly focusing on areas where

literary studies and computational methods intersect, is editor of several Renaissance

texts, is series co-editor of Topics in the D igital Humanities (University of Illinois Press)

and is co-editor of several book collections on humanities computing topics, among

them the Blackwell Companion to D igital Humanities (2004) and M ind Technologies

(University of Calgary Press, 2006).

Susan Schreibm an is Assistant Dean and Head of Digital Collections and Research

at University of Maryland Libraries. She received her PhD in Anglo-Irish Literature

and Drama from University College Dublin (1997). She is the founding editor of

The Thomas MacGreevy Archive, Irish Resources in the Humanities, and principle developer

of The Versioning Machine. She is the author of Collected Poems of Thomas MacGreevy: An

Annotated Edition (1991), co-editor of A Companion to Digital Humanities (Blackwell,

2004), co-translator of Siete poetas norteamericanas (1991); and co-series editor of Topics

in the D igital Humanities (University of Illinois Press).

Contributors

D avid Bam m an is a computational linguist for the Perseus Project at Tufts

University, focusing especially on natural language processing for Latin. David

received a BA in Classics from the University of Wisconsin and an MA in Applied

Notes on Contributors ix

Linguistics from Boston University. He is currently leading the development of the

Latin Dependency Treebank.

B elinda Barnet ([email protected]) is Lecturer in Media and Communica￾tions at Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne. She has a PhD in Media

and Communications from the University of New South Wales, and research interests

in digital media, the evolution of technology, convergent journalism, and the mobile

internet. Prior to her appointment at Swinburne, Belinda was Service Delivery

Manager at Ericsson Australia. Her work has been published in a variety of books

and journals, including CTHEORY, Continuum, Fibreculture, The American Book Review,

and Convergence.

Marc Bragdon is Electronic Services Librarian with the University of New

Brunswick Libraries Electronic Text Centre. Marc plays a lead role in the ongoing

development of digital preservation strategies for UNB Libraries that incorporate

international standards in digital imaging and information exchange as well as

associated networked indexing and search/retrieval applications.

A lan B urk ([email protected]) is the Associate Director for the Libraries at the University

of New Brunswick and was the founding director of the Electronic Text Centre from

1996—2005. His broad research interests are in the areas of Humanities Computing

and Electronic Publishing. He has been involved in many grants, including a recent

Canada Foundation for Innovation award for $11,000,000 to build a Pan-Canadian

electronic publishing and research infrastructure. One of his main research interests,

supported by a research agreement with Elsevier and a grant from the New Brunswick

Innovation Fund, is in using applications of machine learning to automatically build

metadata to describe scholarly information on the Web.

Lisa Charlong is Assistant Director and Coordinator of XML and SGML Initiatives at

The Electronic Text Centre at University of New Brunswick Libraries. Lisa has been

involved with numerous scholarly communications and publishing projects, includ￾ing: The Atlantic Canada Portal and the Chadwyck-Healey-published Canadian Poetry

online collection. Lisa’s background is in information technology, education, archives,

and art. Her current research interests revolve around the creation and use of

structured data and digital collections as educational resources.

G. Sayeed Choudhury ([email protected]) is the Associate Director for Library Digital

Programs and Hodson Director of the Digital Knowledge Center at the Sheridan

Libraries of Johns Hopkins University. He serves as principal investigator for projects

funded through the National Science Foundation, Institute of Museum and Library

Services, and the Mellon Foundation. He has oversight for the digital library activities

and services provided by the Sheridan Libraries at Johns Hopkins University.

Choudhury has served on program committees for Open Repositories, the Joint

x Notes on Contributors

Conference on Digital Libraries, Web-Wise, the ISMIR music retrieval conference,

Document Analysis for Image Libraries, and the IEEE Advances in Digital Libraries.

He has provided presentations at the following conferences or meetings: Digital

Curation Centre, American Library Association, Association of College and Research

Libraries, the International Federation of Library Associations, Educause, Coalition for

Networked Information, the Digital Library Federation, American Society for Infor￾mation Science and Technology, and Web-Wise. Choudhury has published papers in

D-Lib, the Journal of D igital Information, and First Monday.

Tanya Clem ent ([email protected]) is an English PhD candidate at the University

of Maryland, College Park. Her focus of study is textual and digital studies as it

pertains to applied humanities computing and modernist American literature. She has

an MFA in Fiction from the University of Virginia, and was trained in Humanities

Computing at Virginia’s Electronic Text Center and the Institute for Advanced

Technology in the Humanities. At the University of Maryland, she was a program

associate at the Maryland Institute for Technologies in the Humanities from 2002 to

2005. Presently, she is the project manager for the Dickinson Electronic Archives and a

research associate for MONK (Metadata Offers New Knowledge), a Mellon-funded

project which seeks to integrate existing digital library collections and large-scale,

cross-collection text mining and text analysis with rich visualization and social

software capabilities.

Gregory Crane ([email protected]) is W innick Family Chair of Technology

and Entrepreneurship, Professor of Classics, and Director of the Perseus Project at

Tufts University. Originally trained as a classicist, his current interests focus more

generally on the application of information technology to the humanities.

Jam es Cum m ings ([email protected]) works for

the Oxford Text Archive at the University of Oxford which hosts the UK’s Arts

and Humanities Data Service: Literature, Languages, and Linguistics (AHDS:LLL).

His PhD from the University of Leeds was in the field of medieval studies on records

of early entertainment. He is on the Executive Board and Editorial Committee of the

Digital Medievalist project. He has been elected multiple times to the Technical

Council of the Text Encoding Initiative, where he has worked hard to further the

development of the TEI Guidelines. In his work for AHDS:LLL he advises UK funding

applicants on recommended practices in text encoding. He lectures on both medieval

and humanities computing topics at a number of institutions, and publishes in both

these disciplines.

Peter D am ian-G rint ([email protected]) is Correspondence

Editor of Electronic Enlightenment, a Web 2.0 e-publishing research project of the

University of Oxford; he previously worked for the Oxford Dictionary of National

Notes on Contributors xi

Biography and Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. A medievalist by training,

he teaches Old French at the University of Oxford and has written widely on Old

French literature, especially historiography. He is the author of The New Historians of

the Twelfth-Century Renaissance (1999) and editor of a collection of essays, Medievalism

and maniere gothique in Enlightenment France (2006).

Johanna D rucker ([email protected]) is the Robertson Professor of Media Studies

at the University of Virginia. She has published and lectured widely on topics in the

aesthetics of digital media, graphic design, experimental typography, artists’ books,

and contemporary art. Her most recent title, Sweet Dreams: Contemporary A rt and

Complicity, was published by the University of Chicago Press in 2005. She is currently

finishing work on a critical history of graphic design, with collaborator Emily

McVarish, which w ill appear in 2008 from Prentice Hall. W ith Jerome McGann

she co-founded SpecLab at the University of Virginia and was involved in developing

the prototypes for several key projects, including Temporal Modeling and IVAN￾HOE. Her current digital project is <http://www.ArtistsBooksOnline.org>.

Poet, editor, multimedia artist, and critic Christopher Funkhouser (funkhouser@

adm.njit.edu), an Associate Professor at New Jersey Institute of Technology, was

awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to lecture and conduct research on “hypermedia

w riting’’ in Malaysia in 2006, where his CD-ROM e-book, Selections 2.0, was issued

by Multimedia University. In 2007 two books, Prehistoric D igital Poetry: A n Archae￾ology of Forms, 1959—1995, and a bilingual collection, Technopoetry Rising: Essays and

Works, w ill be published.

Bertrand Gervais ([email protected]) is full Professor in Literary studies at

the University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM). He is the director of Figura, the

Research Center on Textuality and the Imaginary, and of NT2, the Research Laboratory

on Hypermedia Art and Literature (< http://www.labo-nt2.uqam.ca>). He teaches

American literature and literary theories, specializing in theories of reading and inter￾pretation. He has published essays on literary reading and twentieth-century American

literature. His current work focuses on obsession, on the apocalyptic imagination, as

well as on the Labyrinth in contemporary literature and film. He is also a novelist.

G retchen G ueguen ([email protected]) is a member of the Digital Collections

Library in the Digital Collections and Research Department of the University of

Maryland Libraries. She has worked at the Maryland Institute for Technology in the

Humanities on The Thomas MacGreevy Archive and as an assistant in the Digital

Collections and Research division of the University of Maryland Libraries. Most

recently, she has co-edited (with Ann Hanlon) The Library in Bits and Bytes: A D igital

Publication, the proceedings of The Library in Bits and Bytes: A Digital Library

Symposium.

xii Notes on Contributors

Carolyn G uertin ([email protected]) is Assistant Professor of Digital Media and

Director of the eCreate Lab, a graduate student research and development laboratory,

in the Department of English at the University of Texas at Arlington. During the

2004 to 2006 academic years, she was a Senior McLuhan Fellow and SSHRC

Postdoctoral Fellow in the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology at the

University of Toronto, and most recently gave the closing keynote address at ‘‘Re￾Reading McLuhan: An International Conference on Media and Culture in the 21st

Century’’ at the University of Bayreuth in Germany. She does both theoretical and

applied work in cyberfeminism, digital narrative, digital design, media literacy

(or postliteracy) and performance. She is a founding editor of the online journal

MediaTropes, curator and founder of Assemblage: The Women’s Online New Media Gallery,

and a literary advisor to the Electronic Literature Organization. She has written

textbooks on hypertext and literature and information aesthetics, and is working on

a new book called Connective Tissue: Queer Bodies, Postdramatic Performance and New

Media Aesthetics.

D avid L. Hoover ([email protected]) is currently Professor of English at

New York University, and has been working in the areas of humanities computing,

linguistic stylistics, and text alteration for twenty years. He has published two

books, both of which use computer-assisted techniques: A New Theory of Old English

Meter and Language and Style in The Inheritors (on W illiam Golding’s style). His

current research is focused on authorship attribution, statistical stylistics, and corpus

stylistics.

Alison Jones is a researcher at the Perseus Digital Library. She has a BA in History

from Mount Holyoke College and an MLS from Simmons College. Her current

research interests include digital library interfaces and the digitization of historical

collections.

Ian Lancashire ([email protected]), Professor of English at the University of

Toronto, founded the Center for Computing in the Humanities there in 1986 and co￾developed T A C T (Text Analysis Computing Tools). He is currently editing Representative

Poetry Online (1994—), Lexicons of Early Modern English (2006—), and a volume of essays

about online teaching for the Modern Language Association of America. His historical

research treats the growth of Early Modern English vocabulary, and his theoretical

writings concern cybertextuality. He presided over a Canadian learned society, now

called the Society for Digital Humanities (SDH-SEMI), from 1992 to 2003 and is

now active in the TAPoR and Synergies consortia.

John Lavagnino ([email protected]) studied physics at Harvard University

and English at Brandeis University, where he took his PhD in 1998; he is now Senior

Lecturer in Humanities Computing at the Centre for Computing in the Humanities,

King’s College London. He and Gary Taylor are general editors of The Collected Works

Notes on Contributors xiii

of Thomas Middleton, and he is also collaborating with Peter Beal and Henry

Woudhuysen on the Catalogue of English Literary Manuscripts 1450—1700.

M ark Leahy ([email protected]) is a writer and curator who works with text,

objects, and performance. Recent critical essays include “Plantation and Thicket:

A Double (Sight) Reading of Sir Thomas Browne’s ‘Garden of Cyrus’,’’ in Performance

Research 10.2; ‘‘ ‘I might have been a painter’: John James and the Relation between

Visual and Verbal Arts’’ in The Salt Companion to John James, edited by Simon Perrill

(due summer 2007). He is curator of the exhibition ‘‘Public Pages’’ as part of the

conference Poetry and Public Language at the University of Plymouth (April 2007).

Since September 2005 he has been Director of W riting at Dartington College of Arts,

England.

A lan Liu ([email protected]) is Professor in the English Department at the

University of California, Santa Barbara. He is the author of Wordsworth: The Sense of

History (Stanford University Press, 1989); The Laws of Cool: Knowledge Work and the

Culture of Information (University of Chicago Press, 2004); and Local Transcendence:

Essays on Postmodern Historicism and the Database (forthcoming, University of Chicago

Press). He is principal investigator of the UC Multi-campus Research Group, Trans￾literacies: Research in the Technological, Social, and Cultural Practices of Online

Reading; principal investigator of the UCSB Transcriptions Project (Literature and

the Culture of Information); and co-director of his English Department’s undergradu￾ate specialization on Literature and the Culture of Information. His other online

projects include Voice of the Shuttle and (as general editor) The Agrippa Files. Liu is also

a member of the Board of Directors of the Electronic Literature Organization (ELO).

He is Editor of the UC New Media directory.

A ndrew M actavish ([email protected]) is Director of Humanities Media and

Computing and Associate Professor of Multimedia in the Department of Communi￾cation Studies and M ultimedia at McMaster University. He researches theories and

practices of digital games, humanities computing, and multimedia. He currently

holds a research grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of

Canada to study the cultural politics of digital game play.

W illard M cCarty (PhD, Toronto) ([email protected]) is Reader in Human￾ities Computing, Centre for Computing in the Humanities, King’s College London,

recipient of the 2006 Richard W. Lyman Award and, with Jean-Claude Guedon, of

the 2005 Award for Outstanding Achievement, Society for Digital Humanities /

Societe pour l’etude des medias interactifs. He is the founding editor of Humanist

(1987—) and author of Humanities Computing (Palgrave, 2005). The aim of his work is

to build the theoretical basis for diverse and vigorous research programmes in the

digital humanities. His primary focus is on modeling, with a particular interest in the

Metamorphoses of Ovid.

xiv Notes on Contributors

N ick Montfort ([email protected]) is Assistant Professor of Digital Media at MIT.

He writes and programs interactive fiction, including Book and Volume ([auto mata],

2005), and frequently collaborates on online literary projects, including Implementation

(2005) and 2002: A Palindrome Story (2002). His recent work is on the human and

machine meanings of code, on the role of computing platforms in creative production,

and on how the narrative discourse can be varied independently of the content in

interactive fiction. He wrote Twisty Little Passages: A n Approach to Interactive Fiction

(MIT Press: 2003) and co-edited The New Media Reader (MIT Press: 2003).

Aim ee M orrison ([email protected]) is Assistant Professor of English at the

University of Waterloo. Her research focuses on the materialities of digital culture,

from videogaming, to linguistic nationalism, to preservation. She teaches courses in

media, multimedia, and electronic text and has recently published on the pedagogy of

humanities computing and the rhetoric of internet democracy.

Jason N ugent is the Senior Programmer and Database Developer at the Electronic

Text Centre at University of New Brunswick Libraries. He has been heavily involved

with web and database development for over a decade, and is a regular contributor to

open-source software projects on SourceForge. Before working with the ETC, he

taught web development, UNIX administration, and relational database theory at

Dalhousie University, and also worked in the private sector, developing innovative

web solutions for a number of organizations. He holds an honors degree in Chemistry.

D aniel Paul O’Donnell ([email protected]) is Department Chair and Asso￾ciate Professor of English at the University of Lethbridge. He publishes primarily in

Anglo-Saxon studies and Digital Humanities. His digital-and-print edition of the

earliest known English poem, Cmdmon’s Hymn, was published by D. S. Brewer in

2005. He also writes a regular column on humanities computing for Heroic Age. He is

currently director of the Digital Medievalist Project and Co-editor of the associated

scholarly journal D igital Medievalist. Since the fall of 2006 he has been Chair of the

Text Encoding Initiative.

K enneth M. Price ([email protected]) is University Professor and Hillegass

Chair of American literature at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. He is the author

of Whitman and Tradition: The Poet in His Century (Yale UP, 1990) and To Walt

Whitman, America (University of North Carolina Press, 2004). He recently co￾authored with Ed Folsom Re-Scripting Walt Whitman: A n Introduction to His Life and

Work (Blackwell, 2005). He is the co-editor of The Walt Whitman Archive and co￾director of the Center for Digital Research in the Humanities at Nebraska.

Stephen Ram say ([email protected]) is Assistant Professor of English and a

Fellow at the Center for Digital Research in the Humanities at the University of

Nebraska, Lincoln. He specializes in text analysis and visualization, and has lectured