5th international symposium of space optical instruments and applications. Volume 232

Springer Proceedings in Physics 232

H. Paul Urbach

Qifeng Yu Editors

5th International

Symposium of

Space Optical

Instruments and

Applications

Beijing, China, September 5–7, 2018

Springer Proceedings in Physics

Volume 232

The series Springer Proceedings in Physics, founded in 1984, is devoted to timely

reports of state-of-the-art developments in physics and related sciences. Typically

based on material presented at conferences, workshops and similar scientific meet￾ings, volumes published in this series will constitute a comprehensive up-to-date

source of reference on a field or subfield of relevance in contemporary physics.

Proposals must include the following:

– name, place and date of the scientific meeting

– a link to the committees (local organization, international advisors etc.)

– scientific description of the meeting

– list of invited/plenary speakers

– an estimate of the planned proceedings book parameters (number of pages/

articles, requested number of bulk copies, submission deadline).

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/361

H. Paul Urbach • Qifeng Yu

Editors

5th International Symposium

of Space Optical Instruments

and Applications

Beijing, China, September 5–7, 2018

Editors

H. Paul Urbach

Optics Research Group

Delft University of Technology

Delft, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands

Qifeng Yu

National University of Defense Technology

Kaifu, Changsha, Hunan, China

ISSN 0930-8989 ISSN 1867-4941 (electronic)

Springer Proceedings in Physics

ISBN 978-3-030-27299-9 ISBN 978-3-030-27300-2 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27300-2

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the

material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,

broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information

storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology

now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication

does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant

protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this

book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or

the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any

errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional

claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG

The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

The 5th International Symposium on Space Optical Instruments and Applications

was successfully held in Beijing, China, on September 5–7, 2018. It is organized by

the Sino-Holland Space Optical Instruments Joint Laboratory, supported by TU

Delft. Like previous years, the joint lab continuously put efforts into encouraging

international communication and cooperation in space optics and promoting inno￾vation, research, and engineering development. The symposium focused on key

innovations of space-based optical instruments and applications and the newest

developments in theory, technology, and applications in optics in both China and

Europe. It is a very good platform for exchanges on the space optics field and

information on current and planned optical missions.

There were about 230 attendees to the conference. The speakers were mainly

from Chinese, Dutch, and other European universities, space institutes, and

companies.

The main topics included:

• Space optical remote sensing system design;

• Advanced optical system design and manufacturing;

• Remote sensor calibration and measurement;

• Remote sensing data processing and information retrieval;

• Remote sensing data applications.

Delft, The Netherlands H. Paul Urbach

Changsha, China Qifeng Yu

v

Contents

Analysis on NETD of Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer ....... 1

Jiacheng Zhu, Zhicheng Zhao, Shu Shen, Shujian Ding,

and Weimin Shen

Demand Analysis of Optical Remote Sensing Satellites

Under the Belt and Road Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Lingli Sun, Qiuyan Zhao, and Zhiqiang Shen

Design of an All-Spherical Catadioptric Telescope

with Long Focal Length for High-Resolution CubeSat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Li Liu, Li Chen, Zhenkun Wang, and Weimin Shen

Design of Lobster-Eye Focusing System for Dark

Matter Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Yun Su, Xianmin Wu, Long Dong, Hong Lv, Zhiyuan Li,

and Meng Su

Design of Satellite Payload Management Integrated Electronic

System Based on Plug and Play Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Guofu Yong, Lanzhi Gao, and Wenxiu Mu

Full Path Analysis of Impact on MTF of Remote Sensing

Camera by Jitter Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Liu Yong, Lu Yuting, and Gao Lingyan

Influence of Micro-Vibration Caused by Momentum

Wheel on the Imaging Quality of Space Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Qiangqiang Fu, Yong Liu, Nan Zhou, and Jinqiang Wang

Integrated Design of Platform and Payload for Remote

Sensing Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Jiaguo Zu, Teng Wang, and Yanhua Wu

vii

Optical System Design of Space Remote Sensor Based

on the Ritchey-Chretien Cassegrain System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Yang-Guang Xing, Lin Li, and Jilong Peng

Suppression of the Self-Radiation Stray Light of Long-Wave

Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Shu Shen, Jiacheng Zhu, Xujie Huang, and Weimin Shen

Star Camera Layout and Orientation Precision Estimate

for Stereo Mapping Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

W. Z. Wang, Q. L. Wang, J. J. Di, Y. B. Yu, Y. H. Zong,

and W. J. Gao

Study on Optical Swap Computational Imaging Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Xiaopeng Shao, Yazhe Wei, Fei Liu, Shengzhi Huang, Lixian Liu,

and Weixin Feng

CCD Detector’s Temperature Effect on Performance

of the Space Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Xiaohong Zhang, Xiaoyong Wang, Zhixue Han, Chunmei Li,

Pan Lu, and Jun Zheng

The Thermal Stability Analysis of the LOS

of the Remote Sensor Based on the Sensitivity Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Yuting Lu, Yong Liu, and Zong Chen

Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

Applied in Small Solar System Body Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Bicen Li, Baohua Wang, Tong Wang, Hao Zhang,

and Weigang Wang

A Novel Optical System of On-Axis Three Mirror

Based on Micron-Scale Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Jianing Hu, Xiaoyong Wang, and Ningjuan Ruan

Design of a Snapshot Spectral Camera Based

on Micromirror Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Shujian Ding, Xujie Huang, Jiacheng Zhu, and Weimin Shen

Design, Manufacturing and Evaluation of Grazing

Incidence X-Ray Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Fuchang Zuo, Loulou Deng, Haili Zhang, Zhengxin Lv,

and Yueming Li

Fabrication of the Partition Multiplexing Convex Grating . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Quan Liu, Peiliang Guo, and Jianhong Wu

viii Contents

Research on the Optimal Design of Heterodyne Technique

Based on the InGaAs-PIN Photodiode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Zongfeng Ma, Ming Zhang, and Panfeng Wu

Research on the Thermal Stability of Integrated C/SiC

Structure in Space Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Li Sun, Hua Nian, Zhiqing Song, and Yusheng Ding

The Application Study of Large Diameter, Thin-Wall

Bearing on Long-Life Space-Borne Filter Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Yue Wang, Heng Zhang, Shiqi Li, Zhenghang Xiao, and Huili Jia

A Step-by-Step Exact Measuring Angle Calibration

Applicable for Multi-Detector Stitched Aerial Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

C. Zhong, Z. M. Shang, G. J. Wen, X. Liu, H. M. Wang, and C. Li

Absolute Distance Interferometric Techniques Used

in On-Orbit Metrology of Large-Scale Opto-Mechanical Structure . . . . . 245

Yun Wang and Xiaoyong Wang

Development and On-Orbit Test for Sub-Arcsec Star Camera . . . . . . . . 253

Yun-hua Zong, Jing-jing Di, Yan Wang, Yu-ning Ren, Wei-zhi Wang,

Yujie Tang, and Jian Li

Opto-Mechanical Assembly and Analysis of Imaging

Spectrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Quan Zhang, Xin Li, and Xiaobing Zheng

An Optimized Method of Target Tracking Based

on Correlation Matching and Kalman Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Mingdao Xu and Liang Zhao

Design and Verification of Micro-Vibration Isolator for a CMG . . . . . . . 281

Yongqiang Hu, Zhenwei Feng, Jiang Qin, Fang Yang, and Jian Zhao

Development of a High-Frame-Rate CCD for Lightning

Mapping Imager on FY-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

T. D. Wang, C. L. Liu, and N. M. Liao

Evaluation of GF-4 Satellite Multispectral Image Quality

Enhancement Based on Super Resolution Enhancement Method . . . . . . 295

Wei Wu, Wei Liu, and Dianzhong Wang

Micro-Vibration Environment Parameters Measurement

and Analysis of a Novel Satellite in Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Pan-feng Wu, Zhen-long Xu, Xiao-yu Wang, Jiang Yang,

and De-bo Wang

Contents ix

Multiband Image Fusion Based on SRF Curve and Regional

Variance Matching Degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Yuan-yuan Wang, Zhi-yong Wei, Jun Zheng, and Sheng-quan Yu

Remote Sensing Image Mixed Noise Denoising

with Noise Parameter Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Mutian Wang, Sijie Zhao, Xun Cao, Tao Yue, and Xuemei Hu

Research on Infrared Image Quality Improvement

Based on Ground Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Xiaofei Qu, Xiangyang Lin, and Mu Li

Research on the Influence of Different Factors

of Micro-Vibration on the Radiation Quality of TDICCD Images . . . . . . 349

Jingyu Liu, Yufu Cui, Hongyan He, and Huan Yin

SVM-Based Cloud Detection Using Combined

Texture Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

Xiaoliang Sun, Qifeng Yu, and Zhang Li

An Oversampling Enhancement Method

of the Terahertz Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

Zhi Zhang, Xu-Ling Lin, Jian-Bing Zhang, and Hong-Yan He

Band Selection for Hyperspectral Data Based

on Clustering and Genetic Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

Gaojin Wen, Limin Wu, Yun Xu, Zhiming Shang, Can Zhong,

and Hongming Wang

Tree Species Classification of Airborne Hyperspectral

Image in Cloud Shadow Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Junling Li, Yong Pang, Zengyuan Li, and Wen Jia

Optical Design of a Simple and High Performance

Reflecting Lens for Telescope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

Jingjing Ge, Yu Su, Yingbo Li, Chao Wang, Jianchao Jiao,

and Xiao Han

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

x Contents

Organization

Hosted By:

Organized By:

Jointly Organized By:

National Center for International Research on Space Optical Instrument

Beijing International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology on Space Optical

Instrument

Space Remote Sensing Committee, Chinese Society of Astronautics

Space Optics Committee, The Chinese Optical Society

Remote Sensing Committee, China Association of Remote Sensing Application

Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Remote Sensing Technology

Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Aerial Intelligent Remote

Sensing Equipments

Optical Ultraprecise Processing Technology Innovation Center for Science and

Technology Industry of National Defense

xi

CASC Processing Technology Center of Optical Manufacture

Remote Sensing Payload Group, Science and Technology Committee, China

Academy of Space Technology

Beijing Aerospace Innovative Intelligence Science and Technology Co., Ltd

Chairman:

Paul Urbach, TU Delft

Qifeng YU, NUDT

Executive Chairman:

Kees Buijsrogge, TNO

Hu CHEN, BISME

Secretary-General:

Andrew Court, TNO

Bin FAN, BISME

Organizing Committee:

Peng XU, BISME

Xiaoli CHEN, BISME

Yue LI, BISME

Meng WANG, BISME

Zhenjiang CONG, BISME

Chunwei WANG, BISME

Yanxia CHEN, BISME

Shumi XIA, BISME

Yonghui PANG, BISME

Peiwen ZHU, BISME

Yiting WANG, BISME

Junning GAO, BISME

Jing Zou, TNO

Sandra Baak, TNO

xii Organization

Analysis on NETD of Thermal Infrared Imaging

Spectrometer

Jiacheng Zhu1,2(*)

, Zhicheng Zhao1,2, Shu Shen1,2,

Shujian Ding1,2, and Weimin Shen1,2

1

Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China

Soochow University, Suzhou, China 2

Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province

Soochow University, Suzhou, China

20174008029@stu.suda.edu.cn

Abstract. In order to suppress the noise of thermal infrared imaging spectrometer

and improve its detection sensitivity, relationship between noise equivalent tempera￾ture difference (NETD) and various noise factors was analyzed. Noise of the thermal

infrared imaging spectrometer mainly includes the stray light noise defined as

nonimaging light scattered by opto-mechanical components’ surfaces and generated

by nonworking orders of the grating, the background radiation noise from the opto￾mechanical components, and the detector noise. According to the physical mechanism

of NETD, the expression containing noise factors of NETD was deduced, and the

noise analysis model of the thermal infrared imaging spectrometer was established.

An Offner-type imaging spectrometer was taken as an example, whose spectral range

is from 8 to 12.5 μm, F number is 2.7, number or spatial channels is 1024, number of

spectral channels is 45. And a HgCdTe detector with a D
of 4 1010 cm Hz1/2 W1 is

used. Relationship between the NETD of this Offner-type spectrometer and its main

influencing factors, including cryogenic temperature and optical properties of inwall

surfaces of the spectrometer’s mechanical elements, was analyzed. When these

parameters are in different value, the proportion of each noise and the main factor

affecting NETD are different. Targeted noise suppression methods were proposed for

different noise. Usually, background radiation noise is suppressed by cooling the

opto-mechanical components and brighten the inwall surfaces. But stray light noise

would increase when the inwall surfaces is brightened. Change of NETD with the

cryogenic temperature was compared between the inwall surfaces blackened or

brightened. When the cryogenic temperature was 90 K, NETD was 0.88 K in both

blackened and brightened inwall surfaces case. When the cryogenic temperature was

70 K, NETD was 0.1 K in blackened inwall surfaces case, and 0.52 K in brightened

inwall surfaces case. The conclusions have guiding significance for the determination

of cryogenic temperature and the inwall surfaces’ optical properties of thermal

infrared imaging spectrometer.

Keywords: NETD · Thermal infrared imaging spectrometer · Noise · Background

radiation

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

H. P. Urbach, Q. Yu (eds.), 5th International Symposium of Space Optical

Instruments and Applications, Springer Proceedings in Physics 232,

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27300-2_1

1

1 Introduction

Thermal infrared imaging spectrometer is used to obtain the spatial and spectral infor￾mation of the thermal radiation of the object itself, and it has the capability of all-weather

monitoring, which has obvious advantages in the detection and identification of ground

objects and events. It is widely used in military field, chemical gas detection, mineral

exploration, forest fire monitor, and so on [1–3]. Compared with visible near-infrared or

short-wave infrared imaging spectrometer, there are several difficulties in the develop￾ment of thermal infrared imaging spectrometer. At normal temperature, the thermal

radiation spectrum of the instrument itself is also in the thermal infrared band, which

greatly interferes with the signal detection and even drowns the radiation signal.

In addition, high-performance thermal infrared detectors are difficult to develop and

few kinds are available. Especially, long-wave infrared detector has low detection rate of

weak target signal. Therefore, reducing background radiation is the main problem to be

solved to improve the performance of thermal infrared imaging spectrometer.

Noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) is commonly used to evaluate the

sensitivity of thermal infrared imaging spectrometer. It is an important index of thermal

infrared imaging spectrometer to describe the system’s ability to distinguish the tem￾perature change of the target or the temperature difference between the target and the

background. Lower the NETD is, higher the sensitivity of spectrometer. In order to

improve the detection sensitivity of thermal infrared imaging spectrometer, the suppres￾sion of background noise is especially important. One of the more common methods is

to use the whole machine refrigeration or the cooling stop to suppress the background

noise, and such method was used in several missions. In 1994, the airborne thermal

infrared imaging spectrometer AHI [4] was developed by university of Hawaii for

mineral exploration. It works at 7.5–11.5 μm, with a spectral resolution of 125 nm.

The F number of the spectrometer is reduced from 4 to 1.7 by using a background

suppressor. The background suppressor works in a vacuum dewar, with liquid nitrogen

refrigerating to 90 K, and the NETD of the spectrometer is 0.1 k. In 2006, JPL developed

a quantum well thermal infrared imaging spectrometer QWEST [5] for earth science

detection and verifying their quantum well infrared detector technology. The spectral

range of the QWEST is 8–12.5 μm, with a spectral resolution of 17.6 nm and its

F number is 1.6. The NETD of the spectrometer is 0.13 K when the whole optical

path is cooled below 40 K. Similarly, the thermal infrared imaging spectrometers

MAKO [6] and MAGI [7] developed by American aerospace corporation use the cooled

Dyson spectrometer to improve detection sensitivity. Obviously, the refrigeration

method can improve the sensitivity of thermal infrared imaging spectrometer. Therefore,

it is particularly important to analyze the relationship between NETD and cryogenic

temperature or other influencing factors during the design stage of a thermal infrared

imaging spectrometer.

2 J. Zhu et al.

2 Physical Mechanism of NETD

NETD is defined as the temperature difference between the target and the background

when the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the instrument is 1. The definitional equation of

NETD is:

NETD ¼ ΔT

ΔVs=Vn

ð1Þ

where ΔT is the temperature difference between target and background, ΔVs is the

differential signal voltage generated by the detector, Vn is the total noise voltage output

by the detector.

Operation schematic diagram of thermal infrared imaging spectrometer is shown in

Fig. 1. The aperature diameter of the system is D, the focal length is f, the detector pixel

area is Ad, the target distance is R, and the instantaneous field of view is IFOV. The solid

angle of the instrument into the observation area is Ω0, and the area of the observation

area is S0. These parameters have the following relationships:

S0 ¼ IFOV  R2 ð2Þ

Ω0 ¼ πD2

4R2 ð3Þ

F ¼ f

D ð4Þ

where F is the F number of the thermal infrared imaging spectrometer.

The target radiation source can be considered as a black body. It’s spectral radiation

exitance M (λ, T) can be calculated by Planck formula:

Mð Þ¼ λ, T ε λð Þ c1

λ5

½  exp ð Þ c2=λT 1 ð5Þ

Target

Thermal infrared

imaging spectrometer

Ad

R f

D

S Ω0 IFOV 0

Fig. 1 Operation schematic diagram of thermal infrared imaging spectrometer

Analysis on NETD of Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer 3